User:ButtahDawg/sandbox

cold war cairo thhran bretton woods dumbarton oaks moscow malta yalta withdrawal (occupation(greece/korea/eastern bloc), un, rio oas) us vs imperialism (india/indonesia), long telegram, iron curtain, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War#Iron_Curtain,_Iran,_Turkey,_Greece,_and_Poland Canada also has the world's most proportionally Sikh legislature with fifteen Sikh Members of Parliament across the nation's four most populous provinces from the three national political parties.

parm bains, george chahal, iqwinder gaheer, sukh dhaliwal, tim uppal, bardish chagger, anju dhillon, kamal khera, ruby sahota, harjit sajjan, randeep sarai, sonia sidhu, jasraj hallan, maninder sidhu, jagmeet singh,

Sikh Canadian MPs (2021-present)

MP		Riding	Province	2021 Pop.			Took office	Cabinet positions
				Sikhs	Total	%
	Sukh Dhaliwal	Surrey—Newton	British Columbia	October 19, 2015
Female	377,445	48.91%	225,530	49.57%	137,295	49.31%	32,745	48.36%	217	18.5%	19	2.24%
Total	771,790	2.12%	454,965	1.38%	278,410	0.94%	67,715	0.28%	1,173	0.01%	849	0.01%

12 largest municipal Sikh populations

Municipality	Sikh population	Total population	Sikh proportion %	Largest religion
					Delhi, India (2011 census)	570,581	16,787,941	3.4%	Hinduism (81.68%)
Amritsar, Punjab, India (2011 census)	556,431	1,159,227	48%	Hinduism (49.36%)
Ludhiana, Punjab, India (2011 census)	465,393	1,618,879	28.75%	Hinduism (65.96%)
Jalandhar, Punjab, India (2011 census)	185,869	868,929	21.39%	Hinduism (74.9%)
Patiala, Punjab, India (2011 census)	178,336	446,246	39.96%	Hinduism (57.22%)
Brampton, Ontario, Canada (2021 census)	163,260	650,165	25.11%	Christianity (35.72%)
Surrey, British Columbia, Canada (2021 census)	154,415	562,565	27.45%	Christianity (30.24%)
London, England, United Kingdom (2021 census)	144,543	8,799,728	1.64%	Christianity (40.66%)
Chandigarh, India (2011 census)	138,329	1,055,450	13.11%	Hinduism (80.78%)
Bhatinda, Punjab, India (2011 census)	100,139	446,246	35.04%	Hinduism (62.61%)
Mohali, Punjab, India (2011 census)	85,983	166,864	51.53%	Sikhism (51.53%)
Moga, Punjab, India (2011 census)	82,456	163,397	50.46%	Sikhism (50.46%)

American Sikhs

A gurdwara in Evergreen, San Jose, California.
Total population
~208,000 (2021 est.) 0.06% of the total American population
Religions
Sikhism
Languages
American English • Punjabi American Spanish • Hindi • Urdu

American Sikhs number around 200,000 people and account for 0.1% of the United States population as of 2021, forming the country's sixth-largest religious group. The U.S. Census does not ask about religion and it is hard for surveys to estimate the populations of smaller religious groups like Sikhs. The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the adult Sikh American population at 78,000 in 2008, while the Pew Research Center estimated the Sikh American adult population to be 140,000 and the total population at 200,000 in 2012. Sikh organizations like the Sikh Coalition and American Sikh Congressional Caucus estimate the Sikh American population to be as high as 500,000-1,000,000, but do not provide any sources for these figures, which are often cited in news reports. With 1% of Asian Americans being Sikh, and 90.7% of Sikh Americans being Asian American, the American Sikh population can be estimated at around 201,232 in 2021. The largest Sikh populations in the U.S. are found in Northern California, especially in the Central Valley and the Bay Area, and in the New York metropolitan area. Around 49.2% of Punjabi Americans lived in California in 2021.

Sikhism is a religion originating from medieval India (predominantly from the Punjab region of modern-day India and Pakistan) which was introduced into the United States during the 19th century. While most American Sikhs are Punjabi, the United States also has a number of non-Punjabi converts to Sikhism. Sikh men are typically identifiable by their unshorn beards and turbans (head coverings), articles of their faith. Following the 9/11 terrorist attacks, and subsequent other terrorism related activities by Islamic groups, Sikhs have often been mistaken as Muslims or Arabs, and have been subject to several hate crimes, including murders. Sikh temples have also been targets of violence due to being mistaken for mosques. A 2012 shooting at a Sikh temple in Oak Creek, Wisconsin garnered national and international attention, with then President Obama ordering flags to be half-staffed at all federal buildings.

History

First immigrants

The Stockton gurdwara, the oldest in the U.S., opened on October 24, 1912.

Sikhs have lived in the United States for more than 130 years. The first Sikh immigrants to the United States started to arrive in the second half of the 19th century, when poor economic conditions in British India drove many Indians to emigrate elsewhere. Most Sikh immigrants to the United States came from the province of Punjab and came to the U.S. to work on agricultural farms in California, travelling via Hong Kong to Angel Island.

In the years just after 1900, hundreds of Sikhs had arrived to work in the lumber mills of Bellingham, Washington. In 1907, 400–500 white men, predominantly members of the Asiatic Exclusion League, attacked the Sikhs’ homes in what is now known as the Bellingham riots. This quickly drove the East Indian immigrants out of the town.

Some Sikhs worked in lumber mills of Oregon or in railroad construction and for some Sikhs it was on a railway line, which allowed other Sikhs who were working as migrant laborers to come into the town on festival days.

A big effect on Sikh migration to the western states occurred during World War I and World War II, where Sikhs were recruited by the British Indian Army to serve for them. Sikhs fought bravely during these wars and began to live in England after their serving period. Among the Sikhs who already lived in America prior to the wars, many Sikhs joined them, mainly during World Wars I and II. Among those who served in the US military include Bhagat Singh Thind in World War I.

The first Sikh gurdwara established in the U.S. was the Gurdwara Sahib Stockton, in Stockton, California, which was established in 1912 by Baba Wasakha Singh Ji Dadehar and Baba Jawala Singh Ji.

Discrimination after the September 11 attacks

Sikhs of America parade float at the 2016 Martin Luther King Day parade in Midtown Houston

Houston Sikh Community at the 2016 Martin Luther King Day parade in Midtown Houston

As a result of the September 11 attacks, some Sikh Americans have become subject to discrimination, often from individuals who mistakenly believe that they are Arab or Muslim.

Balbir Singh Sodhi, a gas station owner, was killed on September 15, 2001, due to being mistaken for a Muslim. In a 2011 report to the United States Senate, the Southern Poverty Law Center reported several assaults and incidents of arson at Sikh temples after September 11. All were labeled as hate crimes that resulted from the perpetrators' misconceptions that their targets were Muslim. In August 2012, a Sikh temple in Oak Creek, Wisconsin, was the site of a shooting, leading to six Sikh individuals being killed. On May 7, 2013, an elderly Sikh man was attacked with an iron bar in Fresno, California, in a possible hate crime. On September 21, 2013, Prabhjot Singh, a Sikh professor was attacked in Harlem, New York, by a group of 20-30 men who branded him as "Osama" and Terrorist".

A 2007 survey of Sikh students by the Sikh Coalition found that three out of four male students interviewed "had been teased or harassed on account of their religious identity." In 2014, the Sikh Coalition released a national report on the bullying of Sikh children in American schools. The report found that 55.8% of Sikh students surveyed in Indianapolis reported being bullied, while 54.5% of Sikh students surveyed in Fresno, California, reported being bullied. According to the surveys, Sikh students wearing turbans are twice as likely to be bullied as the average American child.

Converts

In the 1960s, due to increased Indian immigration and rising interest in Indian spirituality in the American counterculture, a number of non-Punjabi Americans began to enter 3HO. Prominent in this trend was Yogi Bhajan, leader of the Sikh-related movement 3HO (Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization), whose Los Angeles temple was the first to introduce non-Punjabi Americans to Sikhism.

Demography

Occupations

Bhagat Singh Thind v. United States

A gathering of British veterans who served in the Union Army during the American Civil War; a Sikh is present among them (c. 1917)

A Sikh-American U.S. Army officer (2010)

Main article: Sikhism in the United States military

Sikhs have served in the United States military at least as far back as the early 20th century, when one Bhagat Singh Thind, who though not a citizen joined the United States Army and served in World War I. Thind requested citizenship at the end of the war, being granted and revoked twice, before finally being naturalized in 1936. Far larger numbers of Sikhs served in World War II, and all American wars following.

The ability of observant Sikhs to serve in the American military has, since 1985, been compromised by a discontinuation of exemptions to uniform standards which previously allowed Sikhs to maintain their religiously mandated beards and turbans while in uniform. As of 2010, a Sikh doctor, Kamaljeet S. Kalsi, and dentist, Tejdeep Singh Rattan, are the only Sikh officers to be permitted to serve in uniform with beard and turban. In addition, Simranpreet Lamba was permitted to enlist, with exemption to wear his turban and beard, in 2010 due to his knowledge of Punjabi and Hindi.

Military

In the federal appeals court in Washington, a preliminary injunction allowed two Sikh men to enter the military recruit training wearing a turban as it was considered an article of religion. The military recruits Milaap Singh Chahal and Jaskirat Singh sued the Marine Corps in April due to violation of the first amendment which allows the freedom of religion. The branch that they were a part of declined full religious exemption.

Policing

In 2016, the New York City Police Department (NYPD) began to allow turbans, subject to standards compatible with unimpeded performance of duty. In 2015, Sandeep Dhaliwal became the first Deputy Sheriff in Texas to wear a turban on duty (Harris County Sherriff's Office). He was shot and killed from behind in 2019 while conducting a routine traffic stop on the Copperbrook subdivision in Houston Texas.

In 2019, the Houston Police Department changed their rules to allow beards and turbans, joining 25 other law enforcement agencies.

Professionals

Many Sikhs started life in America working in lumber mills, mines, and as farm laborers, with many eventually becoming landowners. Many early Sikh immigrants were restaurant owners. In 1956, Dalip Singh Saund became the first Asian Indian-born person to be elected to the United States House of Representatives.

Elected officials

• Dalip Singh Saund served three terms in the United States House of Representatives between 1957 and 1963. He was the first Asian American and the first person of a non-Abrahamic faith to serve in Congress.
• Preet Didbal was elected to the position of mayor of Yuba City, California in 2017. She is the first Sikh woman to serve as a city mayor in United States history.
• Balvir Singh was elected to the Burlington County Board of Chosen Freeholders, New Jersey on November 7, 2017. He became the first Asian-American to win a countywide election in Burlington County and the first Sikh-American to win a countywide election in New Jersey.
• City planner Satyendra Huja was elected mayor of Charlottesville, Virginia in January 2012.
• Amarjit Singh Buttar was elected in December 2001 to the Vernon, Connecticut Board of Education and won re-election in 2011.
• United States Ambassador to the United Nations and former Governor of South Carolina Nikki Haley was born a Sikh but later converted to Christianity.
• Ravinder Bhalla was elected mayor of Hoboken, New Jersey in November 2017. He is also the first Sikh mayor to wear a turban.
• Satwinder Kaur became the first Sikh elected to the City Council of Kent, Washington in November 2017.
• Manka Dhingra of Washington became the first Sikh woman elected to a state legislature in November 2017.
• Pargat S. Sandhu was elected as mayor of Galt, California on Dec 3, 2019. He became the first Sikh to be elected for City Council and Mayor for the city of Galt.
• In November 2020, California's Sutter County and Stanislaus County became the first two America to elect turbaned Sikh supervisors (Karm Bains and Mani Grewal, respectively).

Geographical distribution

2018 Sikh Festival and Parade, San Francisco Civic Center

States

Approximately half of all American Sikhs live in California.

Sikh Americans by state and territory (1990−2021)

State and territory	2017-21		2006-10		2000		1990
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
California	120,719	0.33%	88,133	0.26%	57,474	0.18%	21,801
New York	30,877	0.16%	27,233	0.15%	19,118	0.11%	4,675
Washington	15,601	0.22%	9,707	0.16%	5,089	0.09%	730
New Jersey	14,597	0.17%	9,580	0.12%	6,551	0.08%	2,244
Texas	8,301	0.03%	5,826	0.03%	3,191	0.02%	1,269
Virginia	6,634	0.08%	6,930	0.09%	3,864	0.06%	1,087
Michigan	6,451	0.07%	4,810	0.05%	3,080	0.03%	1,064
Maryland	6,057	0.1%	2,732	0.05%	2,521	0.05%	1,440
Indiana	5,670	0.09%	2,453	0.04%	627	0.01%	354
Illinois	5,250	0.04%	3,624	0.03%	3,657	0.03%	1,847
Pennsylvania	4,286	0.03%	3,342	0.03%	1,720	0.01%	652
Ohio	4,247	0.04%	4,308	0.04%	1,729	0.02%	904
Massachusetts	4,167	0.06%	2,193	0.04%	843	0.01%
Arizona	3,248	0.09%	1,678	0.03%	877	0.02%
North Carolina	3,086	0.03%	2,485	0.03%	597	0.01%	411
Wisconsin	2,417	0.04%	1,641	0.03%	987	0.02%	269
Florida	2,156	0.01%	1,802	0.01%	1,403	0.01%
Georgia	2,153	0.02%	1,595	0.02%	669	0.01%	269
Nevada	1,856	0.06%	630	0.03%	606	0.03%
Kansas	1,651	0.06%	701	0.03%	211	0.01%	203
Missouri	1,415	0.02%	491	0.01%	424	0.01%	120
Oregon	1,330	0.03%	1,056	0.03%	360	0.01%
Connecticut	1,233	0.04%	1,075	0.03%	792	0.02%
Utah	1,172	0.04%	536	0.02%	216	0.01%	73
Colorado	1,121	0.02%	367	0.01%	360	0.01%
Minnesota	977	0.02%	281	0.01%	389	0.01%
Mississippi	727	0.03%	527	0.02%	233	0.01%	97
South Carolina	573	0.01%	221	0.01%	169	0%	181
Louisiana	519	0.01%	467	0.01%	402	0.01%	218
Alabama	430	0.01%	382	0.01%	186	0%	211
Iowa	408	0.01%	51	0%	106	0%
Arkansas	405	0.01%	77	0%	68	0%	47
Oklahoma	393	0.01%	45	0%	127	0%
Tennessee	321	0%	485	0.01%	169	0%
New Hampshire	304	0.02%	243	0.02%	72	0.01%	106
Kentucky	269	0.01%	288	0.01%	136	0%
Vermont	245	0.04%	102	0.02%	0	0%
Delaware	181	0.02%	314	0.04%	143	0.02%
New Mexico	175	0.01%	193	0.01%	110	0.01%
District of Columbia	160	0.02%	117	0.02%	114	0.02%
Nebraska	136	0.01%	59	0%	55	0%
Idaho	88	0.01%	275	0.02%	0	0%	28
Rhode Island	63	0.01%	0	0%	25	0%
Hawaii	58	0%	0	0%	33	0%
Alaska	37	0.01%	0	0%	21	0%
North Dakota	19	0%	0	0%	30	0%	18
Puerto Rico	15	0%	14	0%	0	0%
Montana	14	0%	11	0%	0	0%
West Virginia	13	0%	166	0.01%	186	0.01%	61
Wyoming	12	0%	0	0%	0	0%
South Dakota	10	0%	0	0%	0	0%
Maine	5	0%	0	0%	0	0%	21
United States	262,177	0.08%	189,242	0.07%	119,740	0.05%	42,377

Communities

Members of the Sikh community of Union Square, Somerville, Massachusetts in 2004.

Nearly half of American Sikhs live in California. Most of California's Sikh population live in NorCal, especially in the Central Valley and the Bay Area. The nation's largest Sikh population is in California's Central Valley, where Punjabi is the third most spoken language after only English and Spanish. Sikhs can found across the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, but the largest concentrations can be found in the valley's largest cities (Sacramento, Fresno, Bakersfield, and Stockton), amd in areas well-suited to the farming of almonds, peaches, walnuts, and plums. In the Sacramento Valley, Yuba City has a prominent Sikh population, which numbers 6,395 (9.2% of the city's population) and has been in the city since 1906. Nearby Live Oak has a Sikh population of around 804 (7.2% of the city's population). Down south in the San Joaquin Valley, Livingston is home to 1,753 Sikhs (12.45% of the city's population), while Fowler is home to around 313 Sikhs (4.69% of the city's population).

The New York metropolitan area also has a significant Sikh American presence. The Richmond Hill neighborhood of the New York borough of Queens is home to 6,236 Sikhs, (9.9% of the neighborhood's population), and is often referred to as "Little Punjab" due to its large Sikh population. In 2020, the stretch of 101st Avenue between 111th and 123rd streets in Richmond Hill was renamed Punjab Avenue (ਪੰਜਾਬ ਐਵੇਨਿਊ) and the stretch of 97th Avenue between Lefferts Boulevard and 117th Street was renamed Gurdwara Street. The Central Jersey suburb of Carteret is home to 1,758 Sikhs (7.01% of the borough's population).

In addition to these areas, there is a concentration of non-Punjabi converts to Sikhism in Española, New Mexico.

20 largest Sikh American Public Use Microdata Area populations

PUMA	2017-2021 American Community Survey
	Pop.	%
Sutter & Yuba Counties--Yuba City PUMA, California	9,476	5.68%
San Joaquin County (South)--Tracy, Manteca & Lathrop Cities PUMA; California	7,993	3.53%
NYC-Queens Community District 9--Richmond Hill & Woodhaven PUMA, New York	6,530	4.57%
Alameda County (Southwest)--Union City, Newark & Fremont (West) Cities PUMA; California	3,997	2.89%
Fresno County (North Central)--Fresno City (North) PUMA, California	3,971	2.17%
Kern County (Central)--Bakersfield City (West) PUMA, California	3,969	1.86%
NYC-Queens Community District 13--Queens Village, Cambria Heights & Rosedale PUMA; New York	3,891	1.92%
Sacramento County (Northwest)--Sacramento City (Northwest/Natomas) PUMA, California	3,777	3.38%
King County (Southwest Central)--Kent City PUMA, Washington	3,590	2.84%
San Joaquin County (Central)--Stockton City (North) PUMA, California	3,328	1.86%
NYC-Queens Community District 10--Howard Beach & Ozone Park PUMA, New York	3,286	2.44%
Middlesex County (Northeast)--Carteret Borough PUMA, New Jersey	3,064	2.86%
Alameda County (South Central)--Fremont City (East) PUMA, California	2,805	1.47%
Sacramento County (Central)--Elk Grove City PUMA, California	2,797	1.8%
Fresno County (Central)--Fresno City (Southwest) PUMA, California	2,763	1.68%
Nassau County (East Central)--Oyster Bay Town (Central) PUMA, New York	2,714	2.71%
Fresno County (Central)--Fresno City (Southeast) PUMA, California	2,436	2.31%
Merced County (West & South)--Los Banos & Livingston Cities PUMA, California	2,348	2.2%
Sacramento County (South)--Galt, Isleton Cities & Delta Region PUMA; California	2,347	2.06%
Alameda County (East)--Livermore, Pleasanton & Dublin Cities PUMA; California	2,346	1.03%
United States	262,177	0.08%

Notable Sikh Americans

• Taegh Sokhey, created the world's first virtual reality Alzheimer's/Dementia tool, entrepreneur, medical researcher
• Ravinder Bhalla, Mayor of Hoboken, New Jersey
• Preet Bharara, U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York, 2009–2017
• Gurbaksh Chahal, entrepreneur
• Sant Singh Chatwal, businessperson
• Vikram Chatwal, hotelier and actor
• Harmeet Dhillon, vice chairman of the California Republican Party
• Gurbir Grewal, Attorney General of New Jersey, and former prosecutor of Bergen County, New Jersey
• Ryan Hurst, actor, converted to Sikhism and uses the Sikh name Gobind Seva Singh
• Narinder Singh Kapany, physicist
• Snatam Kaur, singer, songwriter, and author
• Harpreet Sandhu, member of the Richmond City Council (California), 2007–2008
• Dalip Singh Saund, member of United States House of Representatives from California's 29th district, 1957–1963; first Asian Pacific American member of Congress
• Arjun Singh Sethi, civil rights writer, political rights writer, human rights lawyer, and professor of law
• Balvir Singh, Freeholder, Burlington County, New Jersey
• G. B. Singh, author
• Bhagat Singh Thind, first turbaned soldier in United States Army; plaintiff in United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, involving an important legal battle over the rights of Indians to obtain U.S. citizenship
• Harbhajan Singh Yogi, yogi, spiritual teacher, and entrepreneur
• Waris Ahluwalia, actor and tastemaker
• Simran Jeet Singh, author and civil rights activist
• Preet Didbal, mayor of Yuba City, California; first Sikh woman mayor
• Manka Dhingra, state senator of Washington; first Sikh state senator
• Sandeep Dhaliwal, First member of the Sikh community in Harris County, Texas, to be allowed to wear his turban and beard while on duty as a Harris County Sheriff's deputy. Murdered by a motorist during a traffic stop in 2019.

See also

• Indian American
• Indians in the New York City metropolitan region
• Sikhism by country
• List of gurdwaras in the United States
• Murder of Balbir Singh Sodhi
• Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting
• Sikhism in Australia
• Sikhism in Canada
• Sikhism in the United Kingdom
• Sikhism in New Zealand

Further reading

Further information: Indian Americans § Further reading

• Atkinson, David C. The burden of white supremacy: Containing Asian migration in the British empire and the United States (U North Carolina Press, 2016).
• Hawley, John Stratton, and Gurinder Singh Mann. Studying the Sikhs: Issues for North America (State University of New York Press, 1993).
• Kurien, Prema. "Shifting US racial and ethnic identities and Sikh American activism." RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 4.5 (2018): 81–98. online
• Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley, and Stacy Brady. The Guru's Gift: An Ethnography Exploring Gender Equality with North American Sikh Women (Mayfield Publishers, 2000).
• Mann, Gurinder Singh et al. Buddhists, Hindus, and Sikhs in America (Oxford University Press, 2008).
• Sidhu, Dawinder S., and Neha Singh Gohil. Civil Rights in Wartime: The Post-9/11 Sikh Experience (Ashgate, 2009).
• Stabin, Tova. "Sikh Americans." in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 4, Gale, 2014), pp. 179–192. Online

External links

• Pioneering Punjabis Digital archive at the University of California, Davis
• Sikh Research Institute
• Center for Sikh and Punjab Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara

Map showing world Sikh population areas and historical migration patterns (Est. 2004).

The Sikh diaspora is the modern Sikh migration from the traditional area of the Punjab region of India. Sikhism is a religion, the Punjab region of India being the historic homeland of Sikhism. The Sikh diaspora is largely a subset of the Punjabi diaspora.

The starting point of the diaspora is commonly accepted to have begun after the fall of the Sikh Empire in 1849 and the Empire's subsequent annexation into the British India. The most famous personification of the Sikh diaspora was the first, Maharajah Duleep Singh, the last Emperor of the Sikhs who was coerced into a lifetime exile by the British Raj. Since Duleep Singh's exile, the rate of Sikh migration from Punjab has remained high; however, the destination for Punjabi Sikh migrants has changed during the ensuing 150 years. The development of the Punjabi Sikh diaspora concept has given diaspora Sikhs a conscious political and cultural identity, which forms a reference point for their 'Sikhism'.

Religion

With more than 25 million worldwide, Sikhs are adherents to the fifth-largest religion in the world, Sikhism, making up 0.39% of the world population. The 2011 Indian census reported approximately 20 million Sikhs living in India. Of these, 16 million, or 76% of all Indian Sikhs, live in the northern state of Punjab, where they form 58% of the population. Substantial communities of Sikhs, more than 200,000, lived in the Indian states and union territories of Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand and Jammu and Kashmir as of 2011. Significant Sikh population also live in the states of Maharastra and Bihar which are home to the two important Sikh Takht of Hazur Sahib and Patna Sahib respectively. The Canadian province of British Columbia is also home to close to 300,000 Sikhs.

Historical migration patterns

The Sikhs as a political entity, distinct from other Indian traditions, can be said to have begun with the martyrdom of the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan Dev Ji in 1606, Sikh distinction was further enhanced by the establishment of the Sikh 'Pure' brotherhood or Khalsa (ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ), by Guru Gobind Singh Ji in 1699. This gives the Sikhs, as an organized political grouping, a relatively recent history of around 400 years. Migrations of Sikhs during the era of the Gurus were limited to the boundaries of modern-day India and Pakistan, and in particular, restricted to the Sikh tribal heartland of the Punjab Region.The development of the Sikh Confederacy and the development of the Sikh Empire (1716–1849), led to Sikhs migrating to conquered parts of their empire such as Ladakh and Peshawar. However, these migrations were limited, transitory, and unsustained, depending on the Empire's fluctuating boundaries. During the time of the Sikh Empire, there was a net cultural immigration, with Napoleonic and British influences vying for the 'ear' of the then Sikh Maharajah Ranjit Singh. With respect to the Sikh diaspora, the most important political aspect of this period was the historical establishment of a Sikh homeland; the idea of a powerful Sikh state was a reality.

Annexation of the Punjab

Maharajah Duleep Singh, the first and most famous member of the Sikh diaspora

Sikh migration from Punjab began in earnest in the second half of the 19th century when the British Raj had successfully completed its annexation of the Punjab. The pivotal action in the British annexation was the lifetime exile of the then eleven-year-old Maharaja, Duleep Singh, thus making Singh the first (although unwilling) member of the Sikh diaspora.

Although a largely secular figure who did little for the Sikh body politic, Axel (2001) argues that Duleep Singh's exile has had a major impact on the Sikh diaspora psyche. Axel(2001) says that Duleep Singh is the archetypal 'tragic hero' figure in Sikh culture, "a King without a Kingdom, a Sikh separated from his people"; the contrast between Duleep Singh and his strong ruler father, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Ji.

Having annexed the Sikh Kingdom, the British Raj preferentially recruited Sikhs in the Indian Civil Service and, in particular, the British Indian Army, which led to the migration of Sikhs to different parts of British India and the British Empire. Semiskilled artisans were transported from the Punjab to British East Africa to help in the building of railways, while many Sikhs found themselves in Australia working as Ghans, or cameleers and as labourers on cane plantations.

20th century

The Sikhs made tremendous contributions to Punjab from 1857 to 1947. Sikhs founded the city of Rawalpindi. Sikh agricultural and entrepreneurial skills brought prosperity to Sheikhupura, Sialkot, Jhelum, Multan, Sargodha, Gujrat, Ludhiana, Amritsar, Jullundar. Lahore, the capital of undivided Punjab, had thriving Sikh neighborhoods.

The era of peace and prosperity turned into a nightmare in 1947. The partition of Punjab between India and Pakistan was a seminal tragedy for Sikhs. The Sikh communities were practically wiped out from Lahore, Rawalpindi, Multan, Sialkot, Lyallpur, Jhelum, Gujrat, Sargodha, Sheikhupura and other districts of West Punjab. The birthplace of Sikhism, Nankana Sahib, was split away in West Punjab. Millions of Sikhs fled to freedom and safety in East Punjab in India. Such intense violence in East Punjab had caused many villages and cities to go through reconstruction. Smaller numbers also fled to Afghanistan.

In 1960s and beyond many Sikhs migrated to the UK and North America in search of economic opportunities. Some of the Sikhs who had settled in eastern Africa were expelled by Ugandan leader Idi Amin in 1972. Sikhs are primarily an agrarian community and with the pressures of having only a limited amount of land, high birth rates and the desire to make a better living, the male offspring of Sikh farmers were encouraged to migrate to foreign countries. Subsequently, the main 'push' factor for Sikh migration has been economic with significant Sikh communities now being found in Philippines, Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, Malaysia, East Africa, Australia and Thailand.

Khalistan movement

Further information: Khalistan movement

Sikh Flag- The Nishan Sahib

Axel (2001) argues that the Sikh diaspora community, having established themselves in foreign countries, begin to fetishize the past and nurture idealized designs for their 'lost and imaginary' Sikh empire. This comes into fruition to a certain degree with the establishment of Indian Punjab in 1966 as a Sikh majority state. However, Tatla(1998) argues that the marginalization and sense of grievance that Indian Sikhs were facing due to Indira Gandhi's heavy-handed tactics were amplified in the Sikh diaspora. Subsequently, the Sikh diaspora, especially in South Vancouver, Canada and the UK become willing suppliers of logistical and financial support when the organic agitation for a separate Sikh nation, Khalistan, began in the late 1970s. The actions taken by the Indian government to counter the Sikh separatist movement, via 1984's Operation Blue Star, had a seismic effect on the Sikh diaspora. Axel (2001) argues that the desecration of the Sikh's holiest shrine, Harimandir Sahib, and the following Sikh pogrom in which thousands of Sikhs were massacred; led to a resurgence in Sikh religiosity and a strengthening of ties with their Sikh brethren in Punjab. Diaspora Sikhs felt betrayed by India, and the events of 1984 defined their Sikhism and underlined a distinct commonality shared with other diaspora Sikhs. Mark Tully describes 1984's Operation Blue Star as the Sikh's '9/11', this was certainly the case for diaspora Sikhs, who in the main could only watch on in horror as the events of 1984 played out on TV.

In 1971 Dr Jagit Singh Chohan, an ex-minister in a short-lived government of Akali dissidents, saw an alignment of like-minded Sikhs. Chohan placed a half-page advertisement in The New York Times of 12 October 1971, making several claims about Punjab as a Sikh homeland. However, Chohan won little sympathy from ordinary Sikhs

Sikhs in London protest against Indian government actions

Tatla summarises the change in Sikh diaspora community leaders post 1984 a being a "painful transition from a self-confident community with haughty discourse, to the self-defensive strategies of a vulnerable minority". Organisations such as the International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF), the Babbar Khalsa and the Council of Khalistan emerged within the diaspora, and these agencies rallied against "Hindu imperialism" or "Indian nationalism" and lobbied to join the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization UNPO aligning the Sikh cause with other ethnic groups seeking freedom, citing cases of Jews, Palestinians, Kurds, Balochis, Kashmiris and Sri Lankan Tamils. Another organization by the name of Sikhs for Justice, headquartered in New York, which surfaced roughly in 2014, has now self appointed it as the leader for the separatist movement, and is campaigning for the cause using activities like #BurnTheTricolour.

Axel (2001) argues that the history of the Sikh diaspora, its psyche of grievance and the violence inflicted on it, means that the notion of the Sikh diaspora as a community today inevitably converges on the notion of Khalistan. In addition to this, Axel points out the 'nightmare' scenario facing the Sikh diaspora; the Indian state 'demands' the 'Unity-in-Diversity' model of 'rashtriya ekta' (national integration) which Axel contends is signified by "the denial of difference through surrender, assimilation and integration". Since the formation of the Khalsa, the Sikhs have defined themselves though their 'separateness' and have differentiated themselves philosophically and physically from other Indian religious communities, thus the process of 'rashtriya ekta' is a threat to Sikhi itself. Any 'weakening' or 'dilution' Sikhi in the Punjab, is doubly painful for the Sikh diaspora for it means a corresponding weakness in Khalistan, which, both real and imaginary, epitomizes the Sikh diasporic place today.

Sikh identity today

Whilst the rate of Sikh migration from the Punjab, India has remained high, traditional patterns of Sikh migration that favored English speaking countries, particularly the United Kingdom, has changed in the past decade due to factors such as stricter immigration procedures. Moliner(2006) states that as a consequence of the 'fact' that Sikh migration to the UK had "become virtually impossible since the late 1970s", Sikh migration patterns altered to continental Europe. Italy has now emerged as a fast-growing area for Sikh migration, with Reggio Emilia and the Vicenza province being areas of significant Sikh population clusters. The Italian Sikhs are generally involved in the areas of agriculture, agro-processing, machine tools and horticulture. Canada has maintained a liberal immigration policy, and the Sikh community there is the largest in proportion to the country's population even above India (2.1% of Canada's population versus 1.7% of India's). The largest North American Sikh community is thought to be located in South Vancouver, British Columbia and nearby Surrey, British Columbia, while Brampton, Ontario also has a large Sikh population. The Sikh migration to Australasia has also increased to a large extent in the first decade of the 21st century.

In the post-9/11 era, the Sikh diaspora in Europe and North America stand out as a visible minority often confused with radical Islamic groups because of their turbans. There have been numerous hate crimes targeted at Sikhs. France banned turban-wearing Sikh students from publicly funded schools as part of a broader policy originally intended to restrict Muslim head-scarves. Western security think-tanks quote the Air India bombing to justify profiling of Sikh travellers at airports. Countering this train of thought, on 16 January 2018, Gurbir Grewal became attorney general of New Jersey - the first practicing Sikh in the US to become a State Attorney General. The soft influences of popular culture and the need for fitting in with peers are driving many young Sikhs to shed Khalsa symbols such as the turban and beard. Some second-generation Sikhs growing up in the West do not have proficiency in the Punjabi language. On the other hand, small groups of Westerners have converted to Sikhism. There are now Sikh Gurduwaras (equivalent of churches and temples) scattered across Europe, North America, Australia and Malaysia. The combination of these factors creates a new and more complex Sikh identity that may slowly emerge in the 21st century.

See also

• Sikhism by country

Further reading

• The Sikh Diaspora Search for Statehood by Darshan Singh Tatla (1998) University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97715-9
• Contesting Khalistan the Sikh diaspora and the politics of separatism /Gunawardena, Therese Suhashini. Jan 2001 Thesis (PhD). Pub. by University of Texas at Austin, 2001. Available at: http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/6181
• Twice Versus Direct Migrants: East African Sikh Settlers in Britain by Parminder Bhachu. Pub. by Clark University (7 April 1990).
• Relational Embodiments of a Sikh Diaspora by Anjali Gera Roy Pub. by Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India (2001). Available on https://web.archive.org/web/20070701185828/http://social.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/v7is1/gera.htm.
• Sikhs at Large: Religion, Culture, and Politics in Global Perspective by Verne A. Dusenbery (2008) Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-568598-5; ISBN 0-19-568598-9
• Sikh Diaspora Philanthropy in Punjab: Global Giving for Local Good by Verne A. Dusenbery and Darshan S. Tatla, eds. (2009) Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-806102-1; ISBN 0-19-806102-1
• Sikhs in Latin America: Travels Among the Sikh Diaspora by Swarn Singh Kahlon (2012) Manohar Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, India. ISBN 978-81-7304-938-5

External links

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17448727.2017.1315521?scroll=top&needAccess=true https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/515053/uncovering-the-history-of-the-sikhs-who-fought-with-the-anzacs-in-wwi https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/chinese/515082/remembering-the-asian-troops-who-fought-at-gallipoli https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_race_riots_of_1907 https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/articles/religionbyhousinghealthemploymentandeducationenglandandwales/census2021#religion-by-housing-health-employment-and-education-england-and-wales-census-2021-data Sahib Khalsa Tulsa Philippines Al Jazeera 82 percent Def atma Khalsa Gurujot Khalsa

https://amp.abc.net.au/article/103604354 https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3210039701 https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3210019801&pickMembers%5B0%5D=1.1&pickMembers%5B1%5D=2.2 https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/rt-td/ethno-religion-eng.cfm https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/04/26/sikh-american-tradition-resilience/ 90% https://www.nationalobserver.com/2018/03/15/opinion/truth-behind-story-engulfing-canadas-sikh-politicians

sikh100 https://learning.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/pathways/punjabi-experience-british-columbia/look/?view=read https://canadiansikhheritage.ca/ https://shmc.ca/shmc-timeline-english royalbcmuseum.bc.ca%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2022-04%2FThe-Log-that-Built-BC-community-consultation-report.pdfA https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/asa-johal-biography-1.5315763 https://www.timescolonist.com/life/new-paldi-museum-celebrates-punjabi-sikh-history-7246142 https://www.southasiancanadianheritage.ca/pclp-phase-1/ https://blog.douglascollege.ca/2023/03/02/the-complicated-history-of-paldi-b-c-s-earliest-multicultural-community/ https://www.cheknews.ca/this-week-in-history-punjabi-canadian-legacy-project-390201/ https://www.wineenthusiast.com/culture/okanagan-indian-winemakers/ https://heritageabbotsford.ca/sikh_history_month_2021/

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https://www.darpanmagazine.com/magazine/spotlight/asa-the-sagalife-of-the-lumber-legend/ https://www.khabar.com/magazine/cover-story/the-sikhs-in-north-america

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnder_Basran mayor of williams lake Webmail email forwarding Conflict and Change in British Columbia Sikh Family Life history of canadian sikhs including 20s reunification, malwa doaba differences https://khalsachronicle.substack.com/p/the-house-of-badal https://khalsachronicle.substack.com/p/the-constitutional-moment-at-anandpur Kulvir Paul Dhariell dhaliwal, abc, cbc, abc, globe and mail satjiv chahil 56 red turban kalasingha indra Devi, la gurdwara, jaswant dhami, illegal turban removed and also Indiana bus, speed of Sikh martial arts due to diaspora, Sikh Armenia, warrior stereotype madho Singh Olympics gulab Kaur Philippines, https://www.jstor.org/stable/41683041 https://www.spatialhistory.net/cities/2019/11/the-raj-abroad-comparing-indians-in-british-service-in-rangoon-and-shanghai/ https://academic.oup.com/book/31904/chapter-abstract/267576192?redirectedFrom=fulltext https://www.historic-shanghai.com/sikhs-in-shanghai/

• Indian Diaspora, Official Government of India Website
• Sikh NRI Online, Info pertaining to Sikh NRIs Worldwide
• History of Sikh Diaspora in Canada and USA
• Sikh Global Village - Latin America

https://brill.com/view/journals/jmh/9/1/article-p27_002.xml?ebody=article%20details mota singh, makhan singh sikh who fought for kenyan indepencen, safari, hockey https://www.facebook.com/kenyankalasingha/posts/pfbid0NLMTvZw4EyCnFKmLwqxo7v8PQYjzvdBXPdJkQsGPYgdCFwa9TrKP65hEQnm7tL9wl, kalasingha, red turban, bindra, nalwa Sunnyvale vs fremont https://pressprogress.ca/canadian-intelligence-says-india-likely-used-clandestine-activities-to-interfere-with-canadas-2021-federal-election/ https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/jagmeet-singh-was-warned-about-potential-threat-against-his-life-inquiry-hears/article_b5f44184-f0fe-11ee-af4e-a798ec39fd18.html

https://www.instagram.com/p/C5hFyretkGF/ sikh activism 60s in uk influences by guru

look at sikhism by country list Crop doverseciation issue Language access photos of sikhs in wars and in 20th century west

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sikh usa history https://old.reddit.com/r/ABCDesis/comments/1aydcae/whats_the_connotations_attached_to_sikhs_in_the_us/krv1xwo/ https://www.thenation.com/article/society/the-divided-indian-american-political-landscape/https://www.saada.org/item/20120113-581

https://www.antihate.ca/ron_banerjee_investigated_police_advocating_genocide

Sukhpaul Bal, president of the B.C. Cherry Association ocean spray leader https://twitter.com/ChiefManak/status/1553110916551417857 athletes in big five: robin bawa manny malhotra jujhar khaira arshdeep bains https://www.whitecapsfc.com/news/badwal-pro-contract canada night punjabi 209,000 viewers vs 1.46 million english in dec 2017 https://reason.com/2020/01/05/indian-immigrants-are-saving-canadian-hockey/ https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/hockey-night-punjabi-representation/ wwe wrestlers foreign heel jinder mahal, sikh games ina ustralia nj

punjabi market komagata maru place punjab avenue southall sikh temple st etc, update immigration act 1917

https://old.reddit.com/r/Judaism/comments/1ajntfd/sikhs_protecting_the_jewish_quarter_in_jerusalem/ The reported population was 757,182, including the military and persons of foreign nationality. The division into religious groups was 590,890 Muslims, 83,794 Jews, 73,024 Christians, 7,028 Druze, 408 Sikhs, 265 Baháʼís, 156 Metawalis, and 163 Samaritans.[2] battle of the admin box

philippines moneylenders 50000 https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/2/3/the-sikh-kitchen-that-feeds-manilas-moneylenders https://www.reddit.com/r/Philippines/comments/1ai9e5y/the_sikh_kitchen_that_feeds_manilas_moneylenders/ https://www.reddit.com/r/Sikh/comments/ghjhpq/sikhs_in_panama_await_payment_for_their_work_on/?rdt=35367 panama argentina "plan c" in early 20th centuyry https://www.reddit.com/media?url=https%3A%2F%2Fi.redd.it%2Fsikh-worker-at-the-panama-canal-1914-v0-hwp6s5oetdx91.jpg%3Fs%3D4aaf109828d29db872becc139b6d807dad316f72 https://pcmc.domains.uflib.ufl.edu/object-of-the-day/hindoo-sic-laborers-waiting-for-paychecks/

https://voiceonline.com/mps-gathered-in-bc-as-national-liberal-sikh-caucus-set-priorities-for-2024/ sikh liberal caucus, also sikh usa caucus

https://www.propublica.org/article/sikhs-in-america-hate-crime-victims-and-bias

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/i-am-so-happy-to-be-here-1.5057490 increasing popularity of donkey route and increasing difficulty of student visa https://www.newindianexpress.com/web-only/2023/Dec/20/udta-punjabi-dunki-donkey-routes-and-the-restless-young-who-wish-to-flee-the-state-2643020.html

https://brownhistory.substack.com/p/born-on-the-columbia-river-the-origins https://www.instagram.com/p/C2U8ZD9xNtQ/ sikh opinion during rebellion 1857 https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/new-canadian-immigration-rules-marriages-punjab-9130901/ A study on overseas migration from Rural Punjab: Trends, Causes, and Consequences,” by Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) from 1990 to 2022

https://indiacurrents.com/a-union-of-sikh-japanese-and-mexican-americans/ Civil Rights in America: Racial Desegregation of Public Accommodations National Park Service (punjabi ontario ca) https://www.terracestandard.com/news/a-legacy-to-be-proud-of-video-project-to-highlight-sikh-history-in-terrace-6068707

https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2024/01/20/nikki-haley-never-racist-book/72280548007/

https://shmc.ca/shmc-timeline-english https://www.southasiancanadianheritage.ca/history-of-south-asians-in-canada/ https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/b-c-exhibit-marks-100-years-since-policy-change-allowed-south-asian-women-to-join-their-husbands-in-canada-1.5389923https://web.archive.org/web/20110506005216/http://vahms.org/education/sikh-canadian-history/ Before the Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute, Duncan and the whole Cowichan Valley were a thriving lumber centre in British Columbia.

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/sikh-temple-celebrates-100-years-of-tolerance-1.5194810

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https://citymuseumedmonton.ca/2021/02/19/judi-singh-a-black-south-asian-musician-from-1950s-70s-edmonton/ Judi Singh

https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/06/29/religion-in-india-tolerance-and-segregation/ 76% of indian sikhs are keshdhari

jus reign turban episode 2018 british sikh report https://britishsikhreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/British-Sikh-Report-2018.pdf 35% of british sikhs are keshdhari (46% of men and 22% of women); 50% of british sikh men wear dastar while 3% of women do; 10% of sikhs took amrit https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016413/1910-09-14/ed-1/seq-8/#date1=1900&index=18&rows=20&words=California+Hindu&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1913&proxtext=hindu+california&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 decline in acceptances by 1910 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&advancedSearch-current=%7B%22fields%22%3A%7B%22phrase%22%3A%22%5C%22sikh+family%5C%22%22%7D%7D&limit=500&ns0=1&offset=0&search=%22sikh+family%22 add adminstrative divisions of thailand, fiji, ireland, nepal to sikhism by country

khatris on silk road and sikhs across south asia https://scroll.in/article/1054557/who-are-the-dakhani-sikhs-in-the-southern-states-of-india-and-how-have-they-personalised-sikhism (jats hyderabad https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2024/Feb/01/hyderabad-sikhs-serene-haven), ukraine, historical concentration in punjab, 2/3 jat (khalsa, other sects in dehradun sindh). -> end of sikh empire, initial diaspora was royalty exiled to singapore nepal and england, while attempts to use sikhs as unpaid labor failed, the designation of sikhs as a martial race led to high voluntary recruitment. jats in army become police in hong kong, singapore, fiji, shanghai, zambia, christmas island, malaysia. some migrated from far east to thailand, australia (https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-29/siva-singh-fights-white-australia-policy-for-right-to-vote/12097822 voting rights fight and first gurdwara https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-20/trail-of-sikh-australian-stories-celebrated/9672780 wrestling title and heritage trail), nz (https://bookshop.org/p/books/the-legacy-the-life-of-baram-waryam-singh-ark-1883-7-th-june-1950-m-k-bola/20261994 fifth generation dairy farmers), canada, usa (1899 https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1899-04-06/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1899&index=0&rows=20&words=Maru+Nippon+Sikhs&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1899&proxtext=sikh+nippon+maru&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 https://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/echoes-of-freedom), panama, argentina, japan. backlash to sikh migration in west, "tide or turbans" and "dusky peril", komagata maru and bellingham riots. https://www.theindiaforum.in/article/strange-hindu-murders-us-west-coast-early-20th-century laws against migration australia 1901 canada 1908 us 1917, burley, idaho (https://www.saada.org/item/20111216-552) vancouver bellingham everett seattle marysville live oak fair oaks riots and harnam singh race murder (https://www.saada.org/item/20110727-256 https://www.saada.org/item/20110727-250) https://www.historylink.org/File/21247. sikhs amongst the first in west, 85% of indian americans and 95% of south asian canadians from 1910s to 1940s. sikhs in usa assimilate imperial https://pioneeringpunjabis.ucdavis.edu/contributions/religion/stockton-temple/ https://www.appeal-democrat.com/news/california-sikhs-are-driving-a-separatist-movement-india-calls-them-terrorists/article_df9907d2-e58b-11ee-8f01-dfbe9239d5d4.html (https://web.archive.org/web/20070609180326/http://www.sikhpioneers.org/cpma.html

https://www.pbs.org/rootsinthesand/geography.html https://pluralism.org/assimilation-california-farmers https://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/echoes-of-freedom/laborers-to-landowners https://pioneeringpunjabis.ucdavis.edu/timeline/1899-1922/ saada https://canvas.harvard.edu/courses/12802/files/2398866/download?verifier=3O4ZeLNjDoPvtjvdgyamqeu1ze3o5QUwZXqX0Ypn&wrap=1 https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/1772/1817/7290https://latina.com/im-indian-and-im-mexican-and-im-100-american-californias-punjabi-mexican-communities/  https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/punjabi-sikh-mexican-american-community-fading-into-history/2012/08/13/cc6b7b98-e26b-11e1-98e7-89d659f9c106_story.html https://escholarship.org/content/qt2q10n4bh/qt2q10n4bh.pdf https://www.eater.com/2019/4/23/18305011/punjabi-mexican-migration-roti-quesadilla-el-rancherohttps://www.jstor.org/stable/352595 https://www.jstor.org/stable/3743757https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhadi_(music)#/media/File:Canadian_Sikh_Dhadhi_Jatha_photographed_in_British_Columbia._Canada,_ca.1905.jpg https://books.google.com/books?id=m13bEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT270&lpg=PT270&dq=disappearance+of+sikhs+from+imperial+valley&source=bl&ots=35T4TZKkot&sig=ACfU3U2uAPvJi_qDXyXVSuAtHY2zFHkZAw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwib7uLF3q6DAxXDMlkFHT08Ajc4HhDoAXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q=disappearance%20of%20sikhs%20from%20imperial%20valley&f=false https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-09-29/didar-singh-bains-the-peach-king-obit https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-09-29/didar-singh-bains-the-peach-king-obit) largest celery grower: https://www.immigrant-voices.aiisf.org/933-from-punjab-india-to-angel-island/ https://www.sikhfoundation.org/AngelIsland.html https://valariekaur.com/2022/04/angel-island-visit/ https://escholarship.org/content/qt4sx6f2c1/qt4sx6f2c1_noSplash_d4b56166d3730f8beff187eb7cb5e5c2.pdf?t=odebae saada goreh logue vs reality https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/20041011-punjabi-origin-farmers-realise-the-great-american-dream-by-dint-of-hard-work-resilience-789214-2004-10-10  https://www.utsa.edu/ovations/vol10/story/punjabi-mexicans.html https://escholarship.org/content/qt6kh4w04h/qt6kh4w04h_noSplash_1e9f9f3923c9993914dc48cb5fbc2846.pdf?t=od8 n85 https://escholarship.org/content/qt23964278/qt23964278_noSplash_63c3e9bbcf9790377668ddd70ed7aace.pdf?t=od8uy0 https://escholarship.org/content/qt7c24p2q6/qt7c24p2q6_noSplash_843f02c432b10d213c9a76b20178bb29.pdf?t=od8v05sacda chronicling america hawaii https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicali#20th_century wassan singh oklahoma governor https://www.saada.org/tides/article/the-american-yoga-scare-of-1927 utah and two in california, punjabi mexicans include dA teja in yuba city to mayor of el centro, hawaii (https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015415/1908-08-11/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1907&index=3&rows=20&words=Sikh&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1909&proxtext=sikh&y=16&x=22&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1)otherwise stay not all sikhs abroad were soldiers. ghans in australia, mercentile khatris go to silk road and afghanistan, ramgarhias east africa railroads, bhat sikhs to uk

https://www.instagram.com/p/CuaOfBDSM3Y/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== the decolonization of the british empire dramatically affected sikh demographics. in south asia, partition creates diaspora, rural sikhs go to indian punjab while urban sikhs go to north indian cities across hindi belt. partition turmoil (post partition pakistan sikh emogaphics: https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/11/25/khalistan-to-tourism-dollars-pakistans-love-hate-ties-with-its-sikhs, jat vs khatri identity: https://scroll.in/article/1059579/the-sikh-next-door-a-rich-study-of-a-complex-community-as-it-grows-in-space-time-representation) and postwar shortages lead to sikh migration from punjab to uk, myth of reutnr https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17448727.2021.2010962?tab=permissions&scroll=top&role=tab&aria-labelledby=reprints-perm. relaxation of immigration laws around 1945 (https://khalsachronicle.substack.com/p/the-political-legacy-of-sirdar-jj) allow sikh canadians and americans to reunite families. decolonization of east africa in 1960s led to migration, primarily to uk. afghan sikhs also became refugees in the 1990s forming a diaspora in russia ukraine india uk us and canada. 40s to 60s migration to afghan, malaysia, singapore, hong kong (but then police), fiji, kenya, iran https://scroll.in/magazine/1012298/when-a-small-sikh-community-thrived-in-an-iranian-border-town https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Evacuation_at_Hamid_Karzai_International_Airport_210824-M-AU949-0168.jpg Punjab recovered rapidly from the PArtition, but a series of factors led sikh migration to only accelerate The Green Revolution in the 1960s transformed Punjab into Indias breadbasket. while indian economy suffered from low rate of growth, punjab outgrew india and had highest gdp per capita of any indian state from the states formation in 1966 until 1995. however, opposition to indira gandhi's authoritarian regime, disagreement over sociopolitical issues, and the Indian Army's storming of Sikhism's holiest shrine provoked the assassination of Indira Gandhi by her sikh bodyguards (and ensuing anti-Sikh pogroms outside Punjab) and triggered a violent insurgency in Punjab which was brutally crushed by the Indian government through operations criticized as violating human rights. In recent decades, India has emerged as one of the fastest growing major economies, but Punjab has lagged behind due to the effects of the insurgency, central government mistreatment, and corruption and poor leadership in the state government. Between 1995 and 2021, Punjab fell from first to fourteenth place in GDP per capita amongst the 28 indian states, due to ..., although it still has the highest rural income due to strong agricultural secotr, but lack of opportunity for wealthy jat sikhs is concerning. additionally, punjabs agricultural sector still in crisis due to farmer debt crisis and suicides, lack of diversification due to msp and higher fertilizer/pesticide use which ruins fertility, rice->depleted aquifer, pesticide use -> water pollution and birth defects/cancer, stubble burning -> air pollution. . which has led to an epidemic of drug abuse (65.5% addicted to drugshttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5787955/ 16th in population but 1st in drug cases https://indianexpress.com/article/express-exclusive/untold-story-in-punjabs-drug-crisis-steady-uptick-in-number-of-women-booked-9078271/ alcholism and highest rates amongst indian states for drug usage ), and an impetus for sikh migration. tensions over these issues played a prominent role in the eruption of 2020-21 indian farmers protests and the subsquent rise of ... till some refugees https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/india-refugee-modi-1.6983416, canada usa, sikh vs indian identity in census and in caucus, https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/12/24/they-can-kill-us-fear-and-sikh-resilience-in-canada-city-amid-india-spat bishnoi https://old.reddit.com/r/CanadaPolitics/comments/199ye2l/extortions_targeting_south_asian_home_builders_in/ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/30/india-punjab-children-uranium-pollution

https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/kabul-canada-delhi-india-afghan-sikh-forced-to-move-9082863/ afghan https://theprint.in/india/few-jobs-bad-pay-so-why-should-we-stay-behind-punjab-youngsters-rush-for-ielts-migration/837041/ following further relaxation in 1960s and tightening of british laws in 1962-1981 (as well as riots (mlk, malcolm x, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_Kingdom#Public_houses , chaggar southall national front, smethvick, 1981 handsworth riots), murders (chaggar, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-58627849, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0jxdjxdzpeo, avtar jouhl, palvinder and satnam gill), and pritam kaur chapatis, virignity test, and decline of industry british sikh report 2018 n the 1970s with the collapse of manufacturing industries, the traditional bastions of employment for male immigrants, particularly in the Midlands and the North of England, resulted in higher rates of male unem- ployment and anecdotally increased mental ill health and alcoholism amongst Sikh men. Ironically, it opened up opportunities for women to go out in to the workplace and achieve some form of financial independence.) response: malcolm, iwa, activism, tarsem sandhu gss sagar, bussing https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-38689839 motorcycle helmet sikh migration switched to canada and america; between 2001 and 2011 canada eclipsed uk as home to largest sikh diaspora. following further relaxation in 1960s and tightening of british laws in 1962-1981 sikh migration switched to canada (forestry decline) and america; between 2001 and 2011 canada eclipsed uk as home to largest sikh diaspora. following further relaxation in 1960s and tightening of british laws in 1962-1981 sikh migration switched to canada and america; between 2001 and 2011 canada eclipsed uk as home to largest sikh diaspora and australia eclispes usa. in recent decades, migration from the punjab to us has waned (9/11 balbir sodhi, profiling, sukhjit khaljala oak creek indianapolis others, rise in activism (coaltion, saldef, jakara)o to grespond and track hate cimres and punjabi speaers), but migration to canada has only accelerated while australia and new zealand have also emerged as major targets of sikh migration. illegal migration to us (https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/03/03/india-undocumented-immigrants/) and uk https://www.indiatoday.in/sunday-special/story/real-life-dunki-haryana-punjab-agents-donkey-route-us-america-uk-canada-immigration-agents-2467571-2023-11-26 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_flight https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/migrate/illegal-immigration-from-india-to-us-surged-in-last-2-months-doubled-in-2021-22/articleshow/96617647.cms https://www.news18.com/world/american-dream-149000-indians-tried-to-enter-us-illegally-between-2019-and-2023-7584871.html https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/other-news/more-indians-coming-to-uk-illegally-in-boats/articleshow/100024107.cms?from=mdr half of el centro https://americanturban.com/2017/12/20/visiting-sikh-detainees-in-an-american-immigration-detention-facility/ https://americanturban.com/2011/07/20/the-sikh-diaspora-sikh-history-doesnt-end-in-india/https://americanturban.com/2011/06/10/americas-hindu-crews-sikh-immigration-in-the-1900s/ also continental europe (italy) middle east (uae) sikh boom the largest sikh diaspora populations today are canada, uk, usa, australia. between 2001 and 2021, the canada population grew by, the australia population by, the uk population by, and the usa population by sikhs often form a higher proportion of indians in the west than an india; despite only making up 1.7% of the indian population in 2011, sikhs make up 34% of indo canadians, 21% of indian new zealanders, 21% of british indians, 21% of indian australians (https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/cultural-diversity-australia), and 5% of indian americans. while concentrated in the west high rates of migration have resulted in the continuous formation of new sikh populations, from professionals in seoul, south korea to farmers in tsnori, georgia. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/s-korea-acquits-2-indians-jailed-for-causing-oil-spill/story-wvnlSvJ1norSesEWsb5iQI.html many sikhs have also taken lower level occupations in italy, spain, and greece. (https://www.codastory.com/rewriting-history/indian-migrants-italy-pontine-marshes/ mafia, 2016 strike, smuggling) Happy,’ by Celina Baljeet Basra and other diasproic literatrue https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/13/books/review/happy-celina-baljeet-basra.html?searchResultPosition=1 student boom since 2010s https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/how-students-from-punjab-are-struggling-in-canada-542965 https://newlinesmag.com/spotlight/punjabi-students-in-canada-mobilize-to-fight-wage-theft/ https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/punjabi-women-are-gaining-leverage-in-the-marriage-market/ - dscussion of ielts becoming predominant form of sikh migration(https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/23/world/americas/canada-northern-college-indian-students.html https://thepointer.com/article/2023-12-31/brampton-s-sheridan-college-other-stakeholders-commit-to-better-supports-for-international-students-will-action-follow), and illegal; militancy and crime johal caste https://www.saada.org/tides/article/punjabi-sikh-and-dalit honor killing https://www.truescoopnews.com/newsdetail/punjabis-borrowed-inr-342-crores-pursue-dreams-abroad-study-reveals-shocking-statistics 2.4 billion student indsutry student boom shown through prince edward island https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810035301&pickMembers%5B0%5D=2.6&pickMembers%5B1%5D=3.1&pickMembers%5B2%5D=4.1

reverse migration and decline in students? new rules in canzuk https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-68124559

sikh activism in diaspora, nijjar, india block social media inkquisitive sidhu sgpc etc https://twitter.com/ArshyMann/status/975837979053907968 https://www.canadaland.com/explainer-india-canada-sikhs-farmers-protest/#:~:text=And%20because%20Canada%20has%20one%20of https://twitter.com/ritumbra/status/1318938257586065408 https://www.sikhpa.com/brampton-shooting-latest-in-canadian-epidemic-of-indian-state-anti-sikh-terrorism/ https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/03/17/india-authorities-revoke-visa-privileges-diaspora-critics angad singh hrw, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68366859 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-59338245 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56007451 https://thewire.in/tech/jack-dorsey-rajeev-chandrasekhar-twitter-takedown-india-farmers-protests https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/india-fifth-estate-video-story-1.7142721? sikh diaspora has played an important role in sikh religion and politics, from ghadar politics to modern activism, with gurdwaras playing an important role. desi pub, bhangra, asian underground (panjabi mc and dr zeus collab with snoop and jayz, pitbull with guru, diljit with sia jay sean and apache indian (crossover to english), jazzy b come from van to england), this dynamic has led to an output of creative arts from the diaspora, aisn underground to brampton renaissance vhttps://sites.lsa.umich.edu/sikh-formations-podcast/2023/01/15/the-brampton-renaissance-introduction-to-a-student-series-of-blog-posts-by-dr-sara-grewal-2/ panjabi mc jay sean especially music ap dhillon sidhu nav shubh. https://www.cbc.ca/music/the-future-is-so-promising-how-punjabi-canadian-hip-hop-artists-are-taking-over-the-world-1.6795920 https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=hQzRZJFfIP4 the first sikh congressman dalip saund 1956, followed by canada 1986 uk 1992. while no congressman since saund influence https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2007/06/22/clintons-ties-to-india-demand-scrutiny/ https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/opinion-la/story/2007-06-19/opinion-splitting-the-punjabi-difference-between-hillary-and-barack, there have been sikh mps/ministers in canada (including first non white defense minister and first non white party leader), uk, australia, nz. sikh political leaders have also emerged outside the west from leader of opposition singapore, minister malaysia, mayor manila, uganda mp, minister guyana. these politicians have played a prominent role in sikh activism https://thewire.in/rights/trafficked-sold-abused-then-rescued-from-iraq-punjabi-women-share-their-ordeal https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/matheson-secondary-surrey-1.5153707 surrey jack stereotype activism: darshan dhaliwal largest petrol retailer usa famrer protest https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/20041206-darshan-singh-dhaliwal-largest-petrol-retailer-in-us-789073-2004-12-05 https://www.thequint.com/south-asians/once-sent-back-from-airport-us-businessman-darshan-singh-dhaliwal-gets-pravasi-bharatiya-samman#read-more roles of largest grape cranberry almond farmers 10% of farmland

https://www.theindiaforum.in/article/strange-hindu-murders-us-west-coast-early-20th-century

https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8GH9H1M richmond hill punjab avenue

also: punjab avenue, migrant laborers in punjab

Spring: 70-90, lows 40-60, significant variance, no rain Summer: 100, low 70, occasional thunderstorms-> relief, loo-> 115 Monsoon: 90, low 80, Autumn: 70-90, lows 40-60, significant variance, no rain Winter: 60s, low 30s, winter rains

Religion

Religious proportions vary greatly in the Anglosphere from country to country. As a result of their shared British influence, Anglosphere countries have historically been majority Protestant, with the exception of Canada which was majority Catholic due to French influence. In recent decades the Anglosphere has become increasingly post-Christian and secular, with the Christian proportion declining and the irreligious proportion rising, although this trend has been significantly less pronounced in the United States. While small, the proportion of people in the Anglosphere following non-Christian religions has rapidly risen in recent decades, due to immigration and globalization. This trend has not been uniform across different religions, Jewish and Buddhist proportions have declined or plateaued while Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs have been the Anglosphere's fastest-growing religious groups.

With 72.48% of the core Anglosphere's population, the United States is home to 90.49% of the Anglosphere's Jewish population, 78.69% of the Anglosphere's Christian population, 63.71% of the Anglosphere's irreligious population, 62% of the Anglosphere's Buddhist population, 40.17% of the Anglosphere's Hindu population, 22.17% of the Anglosphere's Muslim population, and 12.85% of the Anglosphere's Sikh population.

Major religious groups in the core Anglosphere

Religious group	Total Anglosphere		United States (2021 est.)		Total CANZUK		Canada (2021)		United Kingdom (2021)		Australia (2021)		New Zealand (2018)
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Christian	280,492,138	61.25%	220,708,689	66.5%	59,783,449	47.43%	19,373,325	53.33%	27,522,672	46.18%	11,148,814	43.85%	1,738,638	36.99%
Irreligious	145,173,056	31.7%	92,485,899	27.87%	52,687,157	41.8%	12,577,475	34.62%	25,757,651	43.22%	11,735,383	46.16%	2,616,648	55.68%
Muslim	8,375,580	1.83%	1,856,885	0.56%	6,518,695	5.17%	1,775,715	4.89%	3,868,133	6.49%	813,392	3.2%	61,455	1.31%
Jewish	7,487,853	1.64%	6,776,001	2.04%	711,852	0.56%	335,295	0.92%	271,327	0.46%	99,956	0.39%	5,274	0.11%
Hindu	4,460,237	0.97%	1,791,731	0.54%	2,668,506	2.12%	828,195	2.28%	1,032,775	1.73%	684,002	2.69%	123,534	2.63%
Buddhist	3,415,585	0.75%	2,117,500	0.64%	1,298,085	1.03%	356,975	0.98%	272,508	0.46%	615,823	2.42%	52,779	1.12%
Sikh	1,775,276	0.39%	228,038	0.07%	1,547,238	1.23%	771,790	2.12%	524,140	0.88%	210,400	0.83%	40,908	0.87%
Other religion	6,762,575	1.48%	5,929,001	1.79%	833,574	0.66%	309,700	0.85%	348,334	0.58%	115,021	0.45%	60,519	1.29%
Total	457,942,308	100%	331,893,745	100%	126,048,563	100%	36,328,480	100%	59,597,540	100%	25,422,788	100%	4,699,755	100%

can

Sikhs by administrative division

Administrative division	2021
	Pop.	%
Ontario	300,435	2.14%
British Columbia	290,870	5.92%
West Midlands	172,398	2.9%
California	146,614	0.37%
London	144,543	1.64%
Alberta	103,600	2.48%
Victoria	91,745	1.41%
South East	74,348	0.8%
East Midlands	53,950	1.11%
New South Wales	47,165	0.58%
Manitoba	35,470	2.71%
New York	31,496	0.16%
Queensland	27,713	0.54%
East	24,284	0.38%
Yorkshire and the Humber	24,034	0.44%
Auckland	23,832	1.52%
Quebec	23,345	0.28%
Western Australia	18,583	0.7%
Washington	17,316	0.22%
South Australia	17,259	0.97%
New Jersey	15,417	0.17%
North West	11,862	0.16%
Texas	10,777	0.04%
Scotland	9,055	0.17%
Saskatchewan	9,035	0.82%
South West	7,465	0.13%
North East	7,206	0.27%
Indiana	6,812	0.1%
Virginia	6,792	0.08%
Michigan	5,809	0.06%
Illinois	5,087	0.04%
Bay of Plenty	4,842	1.57%
Nova Scotia	4,730	0.49%
Pennsylvania	4,354	0.03%
Australian Capital Territory	4,323	0.95%
Waikato	4,074	0.89%
Wales	4,048	0.13%
Maryland	4,013	0.06%
Ohio	3,517	0.03%
Canterbury	2,973	0.5%
Massachusetts	2,379	0.03%
Florida	2,359	0.01%
Tasmania	2,208	0.4%
Arizona	2,177	0.03%
Georgia	2,173	0.02%
New Brunswick	1,780	0.23%
Wellington	1,647	0.32%
North Carolina	1,431	0.01%
Connecticut	1,424	0.04%
Wisconsin	1,412	0.02%
Northern Territory	1,401	0.6%
Hawke's Bay	1,347	0.81%
Colorado	1,324	0.02%
Prince Edward Island	1,165	0.77%
Oregon	1,130	0.03%
Nevada	1,118	0.04%
Newfoundland and Labrador	850	0.17%
Kansas	690	0.02%
Missouri	519	0.01%
Otago	510	0.23%
Mississippi	460	0.02%
Minnesota	456	0.01%
Manawatū-Whanganui	447	0.19%
Northern Ireland	389	0.02%
Yukon	385	0.97%
South Carolina	385	0.01%
Utah	365	0.01%
Delaware	349	0.04%
Louisiana	341	0.01%
Northland	315	0.18%
Tennessee	289	0%
Iowa	242	0.01%
Taranaki	234	0.2%
Southland	210	0.22%
Oklahoma	190	0%
Arkansas	182	0.01%
Kentucky	182	0%
Gisborne	171	0.36%
Alabama	163	0%
New Mexico	147	0.01%
New Hampshire	143	0.01%
Marlborough	123	0.26%
Northwest Territories	110	0.27%
Nelson	102	0.2%
Maine	91	0.01%
District of Columbia	75	0.01%
Tasman	51	0.1%
Idaho	44	0%
West Coast	33	0.1%
Nebraska	28	0%
West Virginia	28	0%
Alaska	16	0%
Montana	16	0%
Rhode Island	12	0%
Vermont	12	0%
Wyoming	12	0%
Nunavut	10	0.03%
South Dakota	4	0%
Hawaii	0	0%
North Dakota	0	0%
Puerto Rico	0	0%

can

Sikhs by administrative division

Administrative division	2021
	Pop.	%
Ontario	300,435	2.14%
British Columbia	290,870	5.92%
California	146,614	0.37%
Alberta	103,600	2.48%
Manitoba	35,470	2.71%
New York	31,496	0.16%
Quebec	23,345	0.28%
Washington	17,316	0.22%
New Jersey	15,417	0.17%
Texas	10,777	0.04%
Saskatchewan	9,035	0.82%
Indiana	6,812	0.1%
Virginia	6,792	0.08%
Michigan	5,809	0.06%
Illinois	5,087	0.04%
Nova Scotia	4,730	0.49%
Pennsylvania	4,354	0.03%
Maryland	4,013	0.06%
Ohio	3,517	0.03%
Massachusetts	2,379	0.03%
Florida	2,359	0.01%
Arizona	2,177	0.03%
Georgia	2,173	0.02%
New Brunswick	1,780	0.23%
North Carolina	1,431	0.01%
Connecticut	1,424	0.04%
Wisconsin	1,412	0.02%
Colorado	1,324	0.02%
Prince Edward Island	1,165	0.77%
Oregon	1,130	0.03%
Nevada	1,118	0.04%
Newfoundland and Labrador	850	0.17%
Kansas	690	0.02%
Missouri	519	0.01%
Mississippi	460	0.02%
Minnesota	456	0.01%
Yukon	385	0.97%
South Carolina	385	0.01%
Utah	365	0.01%
Delaware	349	0.04%
Louisiana	341	0.01%
Tennessee	289	0%
Iowa	242	0.01%
Oklahoma	190	0%
Arkansas	182	0.01%
Kentucky	182	0%
Alabama	163	0%
New Mexico	147	0.01%
New Hampshire	143	0.01%
Northwest Territories	110	0.27%
Maine	91	0.01%
District of Columbia	75	0.01%
Idaho	44	0%
Nebraska	28	0%
West Virginia	28	0%
Alaska	16	0%
Montana	16	0%
Rhode Island	12	0%
Vermont	12	0%
Wyoming	12	0%
Nunavut	10	0.03%
South Dakota	4	0%
Hawaii	0	0%
North Dakota	0	0%
Puerto Rico	0	0%