Panchayati Revolution

Panchayati Revolution
	; Chir Singh (Sher Singh), Maharajah of the Sikhs and King of the Punjab with his retinue hunting near Lahore, from 'Voyages in India', 1859 (litho). Voyages dans l'Inde' by Alexis Soltykoff.
Date	15 April 1842 – 11 December 1845; (3 years, 7 months, 3 weeks and 6 days)
Location	Punjab, Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, North-Western Provinces
Result	Stalemate
Territorial; changes	Status quo ante bellum
Belligerents
Lahore Durbar Supported By East India Company	Khalsa Panchayat
Commanders and leaders
Maharani Jind Kaur; Maharaja Sher Singh; Raja Gulab Singh Dogra; Raja Dhian Singh Dogra; Paolo Avitabile; Jean-Baptiste Ventura; Raja Hira Singh Dogra; Pandit Jalla; Raja Ajit Singh Sandhawalia; Sir Hugh Gough; George Broadfoot	Maharaja Bir Singh Naurangabad; Jathedar Akali Baba Hanuman Singh Nihang; Pashaura Singh; Kashmira Singh; Raja Attar Singh Sandhawalia

The Panchayati Revolution was fought between the Lahore Durbar and the Khalsa Panchayat between 1841 and 1844 in a wide variety of areas.^[1] It resulted in the First Anglo-Sikh War to start and the end to Sikh dominance in the Lahore Durbar.^[2]

Background[edit]

After the demise of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the Lahore Durbar entered an era of complete disarray- with influential families and his descendants tussling for more power.^[3] The Khalsa Panchayat was very patient with the next three rulers as they were either able administrators or they were not able to hold a firm grip on the political situation of the Punjab.^[4] The Sikh jaghirdars who held vast swathes of land in West Punjab all assisted the formation of the Khalsa Panchayat who embarked on a resurgence of Sikh principles in the Lahore Durbar and a collective fight against the Dogras, British and Europeans who threatened their sovereignty.^[4] They highly respected Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Jarnail Hari Singh Nalwa for their devotion to the Khalsa Panth and following the Khalsas' demands.^[5] They believed that the new rulers of the Punjab were weak hearted and could not contain the Khalsas' rampant bloodlust that was accumulating as the days went by.^[6]

Events in Punjab[edit]

After the transfer of the beloved Maharaja Sher Singh to the throne and the death of Malika Muqaddasa Chand Kaur- the Sikh Khalsa Army agreed to many of his terms and allowed for some level of consensus.^[7] Although they grew used to him- the wars in Ladakh and Afghanistan fought by, mostly, Dogras and Punjabi Muslims were clear signs that the Lahore Durbar did not trust Sikhs anymore.^[7]^[8]^[9]

The largest Khalsa Panchayats were that of the Sandhawalias, Majithias, Attariwalas, Mannawalas, Nalwas and Waraichs.^[10] These were either faithful to the Lahore Durbar, faithful toward the order of Guru Gobind Singh or were not involved in either side.^[11] British observers decried it as a "dangerous military democracy" and British representatives and visitors in the Punjab described the regiments as preserving "puritanical" order internally, but also as being in a perpetual state of mutiny or rebellion against the central Durbar.^[12] They thrived on the concept of individual sovereignty and used the weak Maharaja Sher Singh to extract money and land out of- although during his time the Dogra influence grew much further including the plans of Raja Dhian Singh Dogra, Raja Hira Singh Dogra and Pandit Jalla.^[12]

"What the Punjab had prayed for was a dictator. What it got was a handsome and well-meaning dandy who knew more about French wines and perfumes than he did about statecraft."
— Khushwant Singh, History of the Sikhs Volume II

Outbreak and Course of the War[edit]

Sandhawalia Revolt[edit]

^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]

Pathan Revolt[edit]

^[17]^[18]

Maharaja Bir Singh Naurangabad advised the Attariwalas to gather their armies at Attock to invade Peshawar although they did not pay any heed as they served Maharaja Duleep Singh.^[19]^[16]^[20] Maharaja Duleep Singh, being a child, was a puppet of his vehemently Anti-Sikh mother Rani Jindan, and the Dogras hence he never acted against the Pathan tribesmen or the Europeans who started to communicate with the British for the takeover of the Punjab.^[21]

Anti-European Sentiment[edit]

Khalsa Revivalism[edit]

^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]

Hira Singh Dogra and Pandit Jalla along with Rani Jindan had together come up with a plan to destroy the Khalsa in the state.^{[citation needed]} The Sikh Khalsa Army was divided between two lines often changing in the times that passed. These were the Khalsa Panchayat and the Lahore Durbar who both were believed to be representing Sikhism, the former orthodox Sikhism whereas the latter aristocratic Sikhism.^[17] The Lahore Durbar wanted the Sikhs to remain loyal through connecting the religion to their state although Maharaja Bir Singh of Naurangabad declined- by this point the Lahore Durbar stopped being called the Sarkar-I-Khalsa as the ruler (Rani Jindan for the most part) never openly confessed her religion and she had multiple affairs with Pandits and other noblemen in the court.^[6] Combined the Khalsa Panchayat's army was around 20,000 Sikh soldiery whereas the Lahore Durbar had around 34,500 not including Jaghirdari forces.^[6] The dislike of Europeans grew from the constant incursions from Britishers along with provocations, whereas the dislike for Dogras was mainly an upper-class phenomenon and the Khalsa Panchayat had multiple Dogra representatives including Mian Prithi Singh, Mian Pacchattar Singh and Mian Naurang Singh.^[16]

Sacking of Peshawar[edit]

When the Khalsa Panchayat heard of the area of Peshawar being given back to Kabul, Maharaja Bir Singh sent 2,000 mutineers to Hazara and Peshawar to control it.^{[citation needed]}Jarnail Paolo Avitable already had around 6,000 troops and went on a mass-recruitment spree, taking another 3,000 Pathans to fight them.^{[citation needed]} The Sikhs conquered Hazara although could not take back Peshawar due to the high concentration of troops.^{[citation needed]} The Sikhs looted the Munshees of Hazara on their way back to Santpura and stole around 2 million rupees worth of gold and silver along with their jewelry.^{[citation needed]}

Mir Mannu Masjid Incident[edit]

During the same time, in Mir Mannu's Masjid, which Muslims throughout India paid respects to, the Khalsa soldiers from Santpura attacked it and cremated Mir Mannu meaning that he could not enter Jannat (heaven).^{[citation needed]}

Aftermath of the Battle of Naurangabad[edit]

The Sikhs intensified their crusade against the Lahore Durbar and the Dogras.^{[citation needed]} Avitabile had fled to Jalalabad under the protection of the Afghans, and Garrison Commander Sobha Singh was murdered for stationing his troops within the holy city of Amritsar.^{[citation needed]} In Lahore Jemadar Khushal Singh and Lehna Singh Majithia had to all barricade themselves in their homes in fear as there were rumours of them having British sympathies.^{[citation needed]} Rani Jindan also planned to assassinate Raja Lal Singh for accepting the Khalsa Panchayat as his sovereign instead of the Lahore Durbar, despite the previous scandals that they had which were now public.^{[citation needed]} Raja Tej Singh was also planned to be assassinated as he tried to end Dogra supremacy, this was known as the Parema Conspiracy and was planned by the British.^{[citation needed]} Sir Henry Fane, the British Commander-in-Chief was also beaten by Akali Baba Durga Singh Nihang with a baton and broke his jaw.^[27]

Battle of Daska[edit]

Sialkot Durbar[edit]

Pashaura Singh[edit]

^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37]

Aftermath[edit]

The Panchayati Revolution came to an end right once the First Anglo-Sikh War started and the Khalsa Panchayat joined the Lahore Durbar in fighting the British- except that the Lahore Durbar under Rani Jindan wished for the Khalsa Panth to be eradicated and cooperated with the British to make sure that it would happen.^[38]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

^ "Baba Bir Singh - SikhiWiki, free Sikh encyclopedia". www.sikhiwiki.org. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
^ Sheikh, Majid (2016-04-10). "'Teja' the traitor who became Raja of Sialkot". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
^ Griffin, Lepel Henry (1890). The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi Divisions of the Panjab.
^ ^a ^b Singh, Khushwant (2014-07-15). The Fall of the Kingdom of Punjab. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-93-5118-796-7.
^ Nalwa, Vanit (2009). Hari Singh Nalwa, "champion of the Khalsaji" (1791-1837). Manohar. ISBN 978-81-7304-785-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gupta Hari Ram. The Department Of History Panjab University. 1956.
^ ^a ^b Sikh Digital Library. Soldierly Traditions Of The Sikhs - Dr. Hari Ram Gupta. Sikh Digital Library. Sikh Digital Library.
^ Hasrat, Bikrama Jit (1968). Anglo-Sikh Relations, 1799-1849: A Reappraisal of the Rise and Fall of the Sikhs. local stockists: V. V. Research Institute Book Agency.
^ Grewal, J. S. (2004). The Khalsa: Sikh and Non-Sikh Perspectives. Manohar. ISBN 978-81-7304-580-6.
^ Banerjee, Anil Chandra (1985). The Khalsa Raj. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-0-8364-1355-7.
^ The Sikh Review. Sikh Cultural Centre. 2010.
^ ^a ^b Prasad, Bisheshwar (1968). Ideas in History: Proceedings. Asia Publishing House. ISBN 978-0-210-98190-0.
^ Suri (Lala), Sohan Lal (1961). Umdat-ut-tawarikh ... S. Chand.
^ "Dhian Singh", Wikipedia, 2023-10-11, retrieved 2023-11-15
^ Domin, Dolores (1977). India in 1857-59: A Study in the Role of the Sikhs in the People's Uprising. Akademie-Verlag.
^ ^a ^b ^c Khushwant Singh (1966). A HIstory Of The Sikhs, Vol. 2: 1839-1964. Public Resource. Princeton University Press.
^ ^a ^b Broadfoot, George; Broadfoot, William; of, Edward Law Ellenborough, earl; Visount, Henry Hardinge Hardinge, 1st (1888). The Career of Major George Broadfoot, C.B. ... in Afghanistan and the Punjab, Compiled from His Papers and Those of Lords Ellenborough and Hardinge, by Major W. Broadfoot. J. Murray.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Low, D. A. (1991-06-18). Political Inheritance of Pakistan. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-11556-3.
^ Grewal, Dr Dalvinder Singh. Eminent Grewals. Archers & Elevators Publishing House. ISBN 978-93-94958-60-9.
^ Bansal, Bobby Singh (2015-12-01). Remnants of the Sikh Empire: Historical Sikh Monuments in India & Pakistan. Hay House, Inc. ISBN 978-93-84544-93-5.
^ Rai, Rajesh; Reeves, Peter (2008-07-25). The South Asian Diaspora: Transnational networks and changing identities. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-10594-6.
^ Dilagīra, Harajindara Siṅgha (1997). The Sikh Reference Book. Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark. ISBN 978-0-9695964-2-4.
^ "NAURANGABAD - The Sikh Encyclopedia". 2000-12-19. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
^ "Contrition prayer offered at Akal Takht for Baba Bir Singh's murder 176 years ago". The Times of India. 2020-10-11. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
^ "The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum".
^ Kaur-Nagpal, Unknown artist Presumably photographed by Upneet, English: Mural depicting the spiritual lineage and associates of Baba Bir Singh Naurangabad's Dera (sanctuary), circa mid-19th century., retrieved 2023-11-16
^ Gupta, Hari Ram (1978). History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Lion of Lahore, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799-1839. Munshiram Manoharlal. ISBN 978-81-215-0515-4.
^ "PASHAURA SINGH, KANVAR - The Sikh Encyclopedia". 2000-12-19. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
^ "Pashaura Singh, Kanwar - Gateway To Sikhism". www.allaboutsikhs.com. 2007-03-22. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
^ Dalrymple, William; Anand, Anita (2016). Kohinoor: The Story of the WorldÕs Most Infamous Diamond. Juggernaut Books. ISBN 978-93-86228-08-6.
^ Anand, Anita (2015-01-15). Sophia: Princess, Suffragette, Revolutionary. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4088-3546-3.
^ Grewal, J. S. (8 October 1998). The Sikhs of the Punjabb. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521637640.
^ Talbot, Ian (2013-12-16). Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-79029-4.
^ Gandhi, Rajmohan (2000-10-14). Revenge and Reconciliation: Understanding South Asian History. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-81-8475-318-9.
^ Suri (lala), Sohan Lal (1961). pts.1-5.Chronicle of the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1831-1839 A.D. S. Chand.
^ Gill, Tarlochan Singh (1996). History of the Sikhs. Canada Centre Publications.
^ Singh, Dr Nazer (2021-09-15). GoldenTemple and the Punjab Historiography. K.K. Publications.
^ "How Maharaja Ranjit Singh's wife escaped British prison, led two wars". Hindustan Times. 2018-08-01. Retrieved 2023-11-16.

Works cited[edit]

Allen, Charles (2001). Soldier Sahibs. Abacus. ISBN 978-0-349-11456-9.
Cunningham, Joseph (1853). Cunningham's history of the Sikhs. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
Farwell, Byron (1973). Queen Victoria's little wars. Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 978-1-84022-216-6.
Featherstone, Donald (2007). At Them with the Bayonet: The First Anglo-Sikh War 1845-1846. Leonnaur Books.
Grewal, J. S. (1998). The Sikhs of Punjab. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26884-4.
Hernon, Ian (2003). Britain's forgotten wars. Sutton Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7509-3162-5.
Jawandha, Nahar (2010). Glimpses of Sikhism. New Delhi: Sanbun Publishers. ISBN 978-93-80213-25-5.
Sidhu, Amarpal (2010). The First Anglo-Sikh War. Stroud, Gloucs: Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-84868-983-1.
Smith, David (2019). The First Anglo-Sikh War 1845–46: The betrayal of the Khalsa. Osprey Publishing; Osprey Campaign Series #338. ISBN 978-1-4728-3447-8.

External links[edit]

World History Encyclopedia - First Anglo-Sikh War
First Anglo-Sikh War Archived 9 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Anglo-Sikh Wars

Preceded by Third Anglo-Maratha War	Indo–British conflicts	Succeeded by First Anglo-Sikh War

[1] "Baba Bir Singh - SikhiWiki, free Sikh encyclopedia". www.sikhiwiki.org. Retrieved 2023-11-15.

[2] Sheikh, Majid (2016-04-10). "'Teja' the traitor who became Raja of Sialkot". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2023-11-15.

[3] Griffin, Lepel Henry (1890). The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi Divisions of the Panjab.

[Singh-4] Singh, Khushwant (2014-07-15). The Fall of the Kingdom of Punjab. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-93-5118-796-7.

[5] Nalwa, Vanit (2009). Hari Singh Nalwa, "champion of the Khalsaji" (1791-1837). Manohar. ISBN 978-81-7304-785-5.

[:5-6] Gupta Hari Ram. The Department Of History Panjab University. 1956.

[:13-7] Sikh Digital Library. Soldierly Traditions Of The Sikhs - Dr. Hari Ram Gupta. Sikh Digital Library. Sikh Digital Library.

[:14-8] Hasrat, Bikrama Jit (1968). Anglo-Sikh Relations, 1799-1849: A Reappraisal of the Rise and Fall of the Sikhs. local stockists: V. V. Research Institute Book Agency.

[9] Grewal, J. S. (2004). The Khalsa: Sikh and Non-Sikh Perspectives. Manohar. ISBN 978-81-7304-580-6.

[10] Banerjee, Anil Chandra (1985). The Khalsa Raj. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-0-8364-1355-7.

[11] The Sikh Review. Sikh Cultural Centre. 2010.

[:15-12] Prasad, Bisheshwar (1968). Ideas in History: Proceedings. Asia Publishing House. ISBN 978-0-210-98190-0.

[13] Suri (Lala), Sohan Lal (1961). Umdat-ut-tawarikh ... S. Chand.

[14] "Dhian Singh", Wikipedia, 2023-10-11, retrieved 2023-11-15

[15] Domin, Dolores (1977). India in 1857-59: A Study in the Role of the Sikhs in the People's Uprising. Akademie-Verlag.

[:16-16] Khushwant Singh (1966). A HIstory Of The Sikhs, Vol. 2: 1839-1964. Public Resource. Princeton University Press.

[:17-17] Broadfoot, George; Broadfoot, William; of, Edward Law Ellenborough, earl; Visount, Henry Hardinge Hardinge, 1st (1888). The Career of Major George Broadfoot, C.B. ... in Afghanistan and the Punjab, Compiled from His Papers and Those of Lords Ellenborough and Hardinge, by Major W. Broadfoot. J. Murray.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[:4-18] Low, D. A. (1991-06-18). Political Inheritance of Pakistan. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-11556-3.

[19] Grewal, Dr Dalvinder Singh. Eminent Grewals. Archers & Elevators Publishing House. ISBN 978-93-94958-60-9.

[20] Bansal, Bobby Singh (2015-12-01). Remnants of the Sikh Empire: Historical Sikh Monuments in India & Pakistan. Hay House, Inc. ISBN 978-93-84544-93-5.

[21] Rai, Rajesh; Reeves, Peter (2008-07-25). The South Asian Diaspora: Transnational networks and changing identities. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-10594-6.

[22] Dilagīra, Harajindara Siṅgha (1997). The Sikh Reference Book. Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark. ISBN 978-0-9695964-2-4.

[23] "NAURANGABAD - The Sikh Encyclopedia". 2000-12-19. Retrieved 2023-11-16.

[:18-24] "Contrition prayer offered at Akal Takht for Baba Bir Singh's murder 176 years ago". The Times of India. 2020-10-11. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2023-11-16.

[25] "The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum".

[:19-26] Kaur-Nagpal, Unknown artist Presumably photographed by Upneet, English: Mural depicting the spiritual lineage and associates of Baba Bir Singh Naurangabad's Dera (sanctuary), circa mid-19th century., retrieved 2023-11-16

[27] Gupta, Hari Ram (1978). History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Lion of Lahore, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799-1839. Munshiram Manoharlal. ISBN 978-81-215-0515-4.

[:20-28] "PASHAURA SINGH, KANVAR - The Sikh Encyclopedia". 2000-12-19. Retrieved 2023-11-16.

[29] "Pashaura Singh, Kanwar - Gateway To Sikhism". www.allaboutsikhs.com. 2007-03-22. Retrieved 2023-11-16.

[:21-30] Dalrymple, William; Anand, Anita (2016). Kohinoor: The Story of the WorldÕs Most Infamous Diamond. Juggernaut Books. ISBN 978-93-86228-08-6.

[31] Anand, Anita (2015-01-15). Sophia: Princess, Suffragette, Revolutionary. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4088-3546-3.

[:22-32] Grewal, J. S. (8 October 1998). The Sikhs of the Punjabb. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521637640.

[33] Talbot, Ian (2013-12-16). Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-79029-4.

[:23-34] Gandhi, Rajmohan (2000-10-14). Revenge and Reconciliation: Understanding South Asian History. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-81-8475-318-9.

[35] Suri (lala), Sohan Lal (1961). pts.1-5.Chronicle of the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1831-1839 A.D. S. Chand.

[36] Gill, Tarlochan Singh (1996). History of the Sikhs. Canada Centre Publications.

[37] Singh, Dr Nazer (2021-09-15). GoldenTemple and the Punjab Historiography. K.K. Publications.

[38] "How Maharaja Ranjit Singh's wife escaped British prison, led two wars". Hindustan Times. 2018-08-01. Retrieved 2023-11-16.

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[38]

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History	Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo-Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo-Maratha Wars First Second Third Gwalior Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo-Sikh War Second Anglo-Sikh War Sannyasi rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more
Philosophies and ideologies	Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj
Events and movements	Partition of Bengal (1905) Partition of Bengal (1947) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu–German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-cooperation movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie-Begar movement Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi–Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indian Legion Cripps Mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Royal Air Force strikes Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Lucknow Pact
Organisations	All India Kisan Sabha All-India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Movement Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar movement Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more
Social reformers	A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B. R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J. B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddy Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda
Independence activists	Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A. K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M. N. Roy Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit‎ Mohammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Saheb P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja-ud-Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud-Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi V. O. Chidamabaram V. K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more
British leaders	Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings
Independence	Cabinet Mission Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference