User:William Maury Morris II/John William Draper - Maury

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For other people named John Draper, see John Draper (disambiguation).
John William Draper
John William Draper
Born(1811-05-05)May 5, 1811
St. Helens, Lancashire, England
DiedJanuary 4, 1882(1882-01-04) (aged 70)
Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, US
NationalityAmerican
Alma materUniversity College London
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Known forPhotochemistry
AwardsRumford Medal (1875)

John William Draper (May 5, 1811 – January 4, 1882) was an English-American scientist, philosopher, physician, chemist, historian and photographer. {Accurate info., will supply several sources) He was born John William Draper Maury. He changed his name to John William Draper in honor of his mother's father Source: http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=128520895, Source-2: http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=52422597 )), John William Draper, the author, historian and scientist. He is credited with producing the first clear photograph of a female face (1839–40) and the first detailed photograph of the Moon (1840). He was also the first president of the American Chemical Society (1876–77) and a founder of the New York University School of Medicine. One of Draper's books, the History of the Conflict between Religion and Science, popularised the conflict thesis proposing intrinsic hostility in the relationship between religion and science. It was widely read, and was translated into several languages.[1] His son, Henry Draper, and his granddaughter, Dr. Antonia Maury, were astronomers and her younger sister, Dr. Carlotta Maury was one of few women who was well-studied in her time and was a published author on the subject of paleontology. Draper's eldest son, John Christopher Draper, was a chemist.[2]

Accurate Sources[edit]

www.findagrave.com
Parents:
Mytton Maury (1839 - 1919) (Descendant of Rev. James Maury) married Virginia Draper Maury (1839 - 1885)

S1Antonia Coetana de Paiva Pereira Maury

S2 Carlotta Joaquina Maury

S3 Dr John William Draper (born John William Draper Maury, John changed his name to John William Draper in honor of his mother's father, John William Draper, the author, historian and scientist.

When John William Draper--Maury chose to drop the surname "Maury" it created confusion in our time with male surnames. Male Draper descendants are genetically Maury descendants. This easily seen by looking at the two sisters, Antonia and Carlotta and then their brother with the name change to "Draper" which in reality would be Maury. I state this and point this out only for the sake of accuracy throughout history. I have more sources if needed. Maury (talk) 03:48, 19 March 2016 (UTC)

Early life[edit]

John William Draper was born May 5, 1811 in St. Helens, Lancashire, England to John Christopher Draper, a Wesleyan clergyman and Sarah (Ripley) Draper. He also had three sisters, Dorothy Catherine (August 6, 1807 – December 10, 1901),[3] Elizabeth Johnson, and Sarah Ripley. On June 23, he was baptized by the Wesleyan minister Jabez Bunting. His father often needed to move the family due to serving various congregations throughout England. John Wm. Draper was home tutored until 1822, when he entered Woodhouse Grove School. He returned to home instruction (1826) prior to entering University College London in 1829.[4] While at University College London, Draper studied chemistry under the direction of Edward Turner (chemist).[5]

On September 13, 1831, John William Draper married Antonia Coetana de Paiva Pereira Gardner (c. 1814–1870), the daughter of Daniel Gardner, a court physician to John VI of Portugal and Charlotte of Spain. Antonia was born in Brazil after the royal family fled Portugal with Napoleon's invasion. There is dispute as to the identity of Antonia's mother. Around 1830, Antonia was sent with her brother Daniel to live with their aunt in London.[6]

Following his father's death in July 1831, John William's mother was urged to move with her children to Virginia, US. John William hoped to acquire a teaching position at a local Methodist college.[7]

Virginia[edit]

Portrait of John Draper engraved by John Sartain

In 1832, the family settled in Mecklenburg County, Virginia, 7+1⁄2 miles (12.1 km) east (on Virginia State Route 47) from Christiansville (now Chase City). Although he arrived too late to obtain the prospective teaching position, John William established a laboratory in Christiansville. Here he conducted experiments and published eight papers before entering medical school. His sister, Dorothy Catherine Draper provided finances through teaching drawing and painting for his medical education. In March 1836, he graduated from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. That same year, he began teaching at Hampden-Sydney College in Virginia.[8]

New York[edit]

In 1837, Draper accepted an appointment to be head of chemistry in a proposed medical school at New York University; however, sufficient funds were not available at that time to go ahead with the project. In 1839, Draper was elected undergraduate professor of chemistry and botany at the university, and moved with his family to New York City .[9] Once there he helped to found the New York University Medical School, acting as a professor there from 1840 to 1850, president of the school from 1850 to 1873, and as a professor of chemistry until 1881.

Work[edit]

Draper did important research in photochemistry, made portrait photography possible by his improvements (1839) on Louis Daguerre's process, and published a textbook on Chemistry (1846), textbook on Natural Philosophy (1847), textbook on Physiology (1866), and Scientific Memoirs (1878) on radiant energy.

Copy of a photograph of Dorothy Catherine Draper taken by John Draper c. 1840. Plate size: 8.3×10.2 cm (3 1/4×4 in).[3] See also another copy.

In 1839–1840, Draper produced clear photographs, which at that time were regarded as the first life photographs of a human face.[10][11] Draper took a series of pictures, with a 65-second exposure in sunlight. The first ones, of a female assistant whose face was covered with a thin layer of flour to increase contrast, were not preserved. Draper also photographed his sister, Dorothy Catherine Draper, and one of those pictures (see image) became known to the public via the letter which Draper sent to John Herschel in 1840. Several copies were made of this picture in the 19th century, and the photograph attached with Draper's letter was also likely a copy made by Draper himself.[3]

In March 1840 Draper became the first person to produce photographs of an astronomical object, the Moon, considered the first astrophotographs.[12] In 1843 he made daguerreotypes which showed new features on the moon in the visible spectrum. In 1850 he was making photo-micrographs and engaged his then teenage son, Henry, into their production.

Draper developed the proposition in 1842 that only light rays that are absorbed can produce chemical change.[13] It came to be known as the Grotthuss–Draper law when his name was teamed with a prior but apparently unknown promulgator Theodor Grotthuss of the same idea in 1817.

In 1847 he published the observation that all solids glow red at about the same temperature, about 977 °F (798 K), which has come to be known as the Draper point.[14][15]

On Saturday 30 May the 1860 Oxford evolution debate featured Draper's lecture on his paper "On the Intellectual Development of Europe, considered with reference to the views of Mr. Darwin and others, that the progression of organisms is determined by law." Draper's presentation was an early example of applying a Darwinian metaphor of adaptation and environment to social and political studies, but was thought to be long and boring. The hall was crowded to hear Bishop Samuel Wilberforce's views on Charles Darwin's recent publication of On the Origin of Species, and the occasion was a historically significant part of the reaction to Darwin's theory due to reports of Thomas Henry Huxley's response to Wilberforce.[16][17]

Contributions to the discipline of history: Draper is well known also as the author of The History of the Intellectual Development of Europe (1862), applying the methods of physical science to history, a History of the American Civil War (3 vols., 1867–1870), and a History of the Conflict between Religion and Science (1874).[2] The last book listed is among the most influential works on the conflict thesis, which takes its name from Draper's title. His book examined the relationship between religion and science, dismissing ideas of harmony and presenting the history of science as "not a mere record of isolated discoveries; it is a narrative of the conflict of two contending powers, the expansive force of the human intellect on the one side, and the compression arising from traditionary faith and human interests on the other." After outlining the origins of science in ancient Greek philosophy, Draper presented the development of Christianity as leading to repression of science. His argument, aimed at his fellow Protestants, employed anti-Catholic rhetoric, but also said that these "two rival divisions of the Christian church" were "in accord on one point: to tolerate no science except such as they considered agreeable to the Scriptures", and both were liable to "theological odium". The book went through fifty printings in the United States alone, and was translated into ten languages.[1]

Draper served as the first president of the American Chemical Society in 1876.[18] He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1877.[19]

Children[edit]

  • John Christopher Draper (1835–1885)
  • Henry Draper (1837–1882)
  • Virginia Draper Maury (1839–1885)
  • Daniel Draper (1841–1931)
  • William Draper (1845–1853)
  • Antonia Draper Dixon (1849–1923)

Death[edit]

The Draper House.

He died on January 4, 1882 at his home in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York at the age of 70.[20] The funeral was held at St Mark's Church in-the-Bowery in New York City. He was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York.[21]

Legacy[edit]

In 1975, Draper's house in Hastings was designated a National Historic Landmark.

In 1976, New York University founded the John W. Draper Interdisciplinary Master's Program in Humanities and Social Thought (Draper Program)[22] in honor of his lifelong commitment to interdisciplinary study.

In 2001, Draper and the founding of the American Chemical Society were designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark at New York University.[23]

Publications[edit]

Library resources about
William Maury Morris II/John William Draper - Maury
By William Maury Morris II/John William Draper - Maury
  • Elements of Chemistry, Including the Most Recent Discoveries and Applications of the Science to Medicine and Pharmacy, and to the Arts. by Robert Kane and John William Draper. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1842.
  • History of the American Civil War. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1867–70.
  • History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science. New York: D. Appleton, 1874.
  • History of the Intellectual Development of Europe. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863, 1900 edition, v.1,v.2
  • Human Physiology, Statistical and Dynamical; or, the Conditions and Course of the Life of Man. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1856.
  • Life of Franklin, Edited by Ronald S. Wilkinson. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977.
  • Draper, John William. (1875). History of the Conflict between Religion and Science. Henry S. King & Co (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00069-7)
  • Science in America: Inaugural address of Dr. John W. Draper, as president of the American Chemical Society New York: J.F. Trow & Son, Printers, 1876.
  • Scientific Memoirs; Being Experimental Contributions to a Knowledge of Radiant Energy. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1878.
  • Text-Book on Chemistry. For the Use of Schools and Colleges. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1851., 1861 edition
  • Text-Book on Natural Philosophy. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1847.
  • Thoughts on the Future Civil Policy of America. 3rd ed. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1867.
  • Treatise on the Forces Which Produce the Organization of Plants. With an Appendix Containing Several Memoirs on Capillary Attraction, Electricity, and the Chemical Action of Light. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1844.

Draper also wrote many articles for the various magazines of his time.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Reuben, Julie A. (1996). The Making of the Modern University: Intellectual Transformation and the Marginalization of Morality. University of Chicago Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-226-71020-4. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  2. ^ a b John William Draper. The Notable Names Database
  3. ^ a b c Howard R. McManus, "The Most Famous Daguerreian Portrait: Exploring the History of the Dorothy Catherine Draper Daguerreotype," The Daguerreian Annual 1995, pp. 148–171.
  4. ^ Fleming
  5. ^ Wickliff, Gregory A. "John William Draper's Experiments in Light, Photography, and Photolithography". Daguerreian Annual 2011: 145.
  6. ^ Fleming, pp. 7–8.
  7. ^ Fleming, p. 8.
  8. ^ Fleming, pp. 9–13
  9. ^ Barker, George F. (April 21, 1886). Memoir of John William Draper. 1811-1882 (PDF). Read before the Natural Academy. Retrieved 11 September 2014.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ Lienhard, John H. "No. 2604 John Draper's Sister". Engines of Our Ingenuity. University of Houston. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
  11. ^ For early male photographs, see self-portraits by Henry Fitz and Robert Cornelius, both taken in 1839.
  12. ^ Kalfus, Skye. "Across the Spectrum". Chemical Heritage Magazine. Chemical Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
  13. ^ On the idiosyncratic interpretation of the action of what Draper called "Tithonic rays" see Hentschel (2002).
  14. ^ "Science: Draper's Memoirs". The Academy. XIV (338). London: Robert Scott Walker: 408. October 26, 1878.
  15. ^ J. R. Mahan (2002). Radiation heat transfer: a statistical approach (3rd ed.). Wiley-IEEE. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-471-21270-6.
  16. ^ Keith Thomson (May–June 2000). "Huxley, Wilberforce and the Oxford Museum". American Scientist. p. 210. Retrieved 2010-06-22. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  17. ^ "Letter 2852 — Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., 2 July 1860". Darwin Correspondence Project. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
  18. ^ "ACS President: John W. Draper (1811-1882)". American Chemical Society. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
  19. ^ "National Academy of Sciences". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  20. ^ New York Times, January 5, 1882.
  21. ^ New York Times, January 11, 1882.
  22. ^ John W. Draper Interdisciplinary Master's Program in Humanities and Social Thought | New York University | Draper Program | NYU. Draper.fas.nyu.edu. Retrieved on 2011-09-05.
  23. ^ "John W. Draper and the Founding of the American Chemical Society, 1876". American Chemical Society. Retrieved June 5, 2012.

Sources[edit]

  • Barker, George Frederick. Memoir of John William Draper: 1811–1882. Washington, D.C., 1886.
  • Fleming, Donald. John William Draper and the Religion of Science. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1950.
  • Hentschel, Klaus. Why not one more Imponderable?: John William Draper and his `Tithonic rays', "Foundations of Chemistry" 4,1 (2002): 5-59.
  • Miller, Lillian B., Frederick Voss, and Jeannette M. Hussey. The Lazzaroni: Science and Scientists in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1972.

External links[edit]

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Category:1811 births Category:1882 deaths Category:Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery Category:People from St Helens, Merseyside Category:English emigrants to the United States Category:Alumni of University College London Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni Category:New York University faculty Category:Hampden–Sydney College faculty Category:American agnostics Category:American chemists Category:19th-century American historians Category:American photographers Category:19th-century photographers Category:Astrophotographers Category:English agnostics Category:English chemists Category:English historians Category:English photographers Category:Historians of the American Civil War Category:Historians of science Category:People educated at Woodhouse Grove School Category:Presidents of the American Chemical Society Category:Photochemists

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