User:Universal Life/Judaeo-Spanish language

Judaeo-Spanish
Judaeo-Spanish
Ladino
גֿודֿיאו-איספאנייול [Judeo-Espanyol] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help); איספאנייול [Espanyol] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help); גֿודֿזמו [Judesmo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help); גֿודֿייו [Judio] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help); לאדינו [Ladino] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help); חאקיטילייה [Jaquetía] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help);
	The Rashi script, originally used to write the language
Pronunciation	[dʒuˈðeo espaˈɲol]
Native to	Israel, Turkey, USA, France, Greece, Brazil, UK, Morocco, Bulgaria, Italy, Canada and others
Ethnicity	Sephardim and Sabbateans
Native speakers	(112,130 cited 1985)
Language family	Indo-European Italic Romance Western Gallo-Iberian Ibero-Romance West Iberian Spanish Judaeo-Spanish; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Dialects	Haketia, Levantine (Occidental and Oriental dialects), Ponentine
Writing system	Mainly Latin; originally Rashi and Solitreo; also Arabic, Cyrillic script, Greek and Hebrew
Official status
Regulated by	Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino in Israel
Language codes
ISO 639-2	lad
ISO 639-3	lad
Linguist List	lad
Linguasphere	51-AAB-ba ... 51-AAB-bd
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Judaeo-Spanish (also spelled Judeo-Spanish and Judæo-Spanish; Latin script: [Judeo-Espanyol] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help),^[i] Hebrew script: גֿודֿיאו-איספאנייול, Cyrillic: Ђудео-Еспањол, pronounced [dʒuˈðeo espaˈɲol]^[ii]), commonly referred to as Ladino, is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish. Originally spoken in the former territories of the Ottoman Empire (the Balkans, Turkey, the Middle East and North Africa) as well as in France, Italy, Kingdom of the Netherlands, Morocco and the UK, today it is spoken mainly by Sephardic minorities in more than 30 countries, most of the speakers residing in Israel. Although it has no official status in any country, it has been acknowledged as a minority language in Israel and Turkey.

The core vocabulary of Judaeo-Spanish is Old Spanish and it has numerous elements from all the old languages of the Iberian Peninsula, such as Aragonese, Astur-Leonese, Catalan, Galician-Portuguese and Mozarabic. The language has been further enriched by Semitic vocabulary, such as Hebrew, Aramaic, Arabic and Ottoman Turkish, especially in the domains of religion, law and spirituality and most of the vocabulary for new and modern concepts has been adopted through French and Italian. Furthermore the language is also influenced by other local languages of the Balkans, such as Greek, Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian, however to a lesser degree.

Historically, the Rashi script and its cursive form Solitreo have been the main orthographies for writing Judaeo-Spanish. However today, it is mainly written with the Latin alphabet, though some other alphabets, such as Hebrew and Cyrillic are still in use. Judaeo-Spanish is also locally known by many different names, major ones being: Espanyol, Judio (or Jidio), Judesmo, Ladino, Sefaradi and Haketia. In Israel, the language is called Spanyolit, Espanyolit and Ladino. In Turkey and formerly in the Ottoman Empire, the language have been traditionally called Yahudice, meaning the Jewish language.

Judaeo-Spanish, once the trade language of the Adriatic Sea, the Balkans and the Middle-East and renowned for its high literature especially in Salonika, today is under serious threat of extinction. Most native speakers are elderly and the language is not transmitted to their children or grandchildren for various reasons. In some expatriate communities in Latin America and elsewhere, there is a threat of dialect levelling resulting in extinction by assimilation into modern Spanish. However, it is experiencing a minor revival among Sephardic communities, especially in music.

Names[edit]

Judaeo-Spanish is known by a variety of names both natively (endonyms) and in other languages (exonyms). Ladino (לאדינו) is particularly common for denoting the language in the USA, Israel and Turkey, however mostly by the non-native communities. In English, except the most common names, Judaeo-Spanish^[iii] and Ladino, the language is called Sephardic Spanish and informally Jewish Spanish as well. Natively the language is called Espanyol, Judio (or Jidio), Judesmo, Ladino, Sefaradi, Haketia and others.^[2]

Espanyol, Judio and Judeo-Espanyol[edit]

The most common endonym for Judaeo-Spanish is Espanyol, its variants and derivatives.

Espagnol, Djudio and Djudeo-Espagnol[edit]

As the language is born out of the languages of the 15th century Spain, the most wide-spread and universal endonym used during its entire history, is "Espagnol" (Spanish) and it's derivatives and variants.

Espagnol / Espanyol / איספאנייול‎ / Эспанюл / Español ([espaˈɲol])^[3]
Espagnolo / Espanyolo / איספאנייולו‎ / Эспанюло / Españolo ([espaˈɲolo])
Espagnolico / Espanyoliko / איספאנייוליקו‎ / Эспанюлико / Españolico ([espaɲoˈliko])
Echpagnol / Eşpanyol / אישפאנייול‎ / Эшпанюл / Expañol / Eshpanyol ([eʃpaˈɲol])^[3]
Echpagnolo / Eşpanyolo / אישפאנייולו‎ / Эшпанюло / Expañolo / Eshpanyolo ([eʃpaˈɲolo])
Echpagnolico / Eşpanyoliko / אישפאנייוליקו‎ / Эшпанюлико / Expañolico / Eshpanyoliko ([eʃpaɲoˈliko])
Spagnol / Spanyol / ספאנייול‎ / Спанюл / Spañol ([spaˈɲol])
Spagnolo / Spanyolo / ספאנייולו‎ / Спанюло / Spañolo ([spaˈɲolo])
Spagnolico / Spanyoliko / ספאנייוליקו‎ / Спанюлико / Spañolico ([spaɲoˈliko])

In Israel, apart from the most common exonym Ladino, the Hebrew word ספאנייולית‎ (Spanyolit - [spaɲoˈlit]) is quite common. It is derived through the Hebrew language suffix -ית‎ (-it).^[3]

The majority of Judaeo-Spanish speakers, throughout their own history, have been under Ottoman sovereignty and the Ottomans have called the language by the name Yahudice [jahuˈdidʒe], meaning "Jew language" (-ce is the Turkish language suffix). Similarly, we can observe that most Sephardic communities in the diaspora (and even non-Sephardic Jews) has been calling their language "Jewish" as to mean "Jew language" (See Yiddish language). The term in Judaeo-Spanish is "Djudio" or "Djidio" according to the dialect. The following endonyms are also quite common in Judaeo-Spanish:

Djidio / Cidyo / גֿידֿייו‎ / Джидю / Jidió / Djidyo ([dʒiˈðjo]) (most common in Bulgaria and some other Balkan states)
Djudio / Cudyo / גֿודֿייו‎ / Джудю / Judió / Djudyo ([dʒuˈðjo]) (most common in Turkey and Greece)
Jidio / Jidyo / זֿידֿייו‎ / Жидю / Jidió ([ʒiˈðjo]) (most common in some other parts of the Balkans)
Judio / Judyo / זֿודֿייו‎ / Жудю / Judió ([ʒuˈðjo]) (most common in Morocco and Canada)

The contrast in the use of the terms "Espagnol" and "Djudio" in Judaeo-Spanish is somewhat similar to the contrats in the use of the terms "Español" and "Castellano" by the Spanish. "Espagnol" is more commonly used when comparing the language with other foreign languages, such as French, English or Hebrew. However "Djudio" is more commonly used when comparing it to the local languages, such as Turkish or Greek and also when trying to emphasise the Jewish character of the language.

In cases where the language is contrasted to or compared with modern Spanish, the name "Espagnol" is used for Judaeo-Spanish and "Castelliano" (Castilliano, Casteyano etc.) is used for modern Spanish. Sometimes terms suchs as

"El Espagnol muestro" (Our Spanish) vs. "El Espagnol d'Espagna" (Spanish of Spain) is used.

The endonym Djudeo-Espagnol is a synthesis of the two most common endonyms of the language; "Espagnol" and "Djudio" and is the most commonly accepted adjective for the language. It is composed by the academicians and until the last decade or two, was not used in common speech as an endonym, restricting its use only for academicians. However, with its accelerated usage by the media for the last few decades, speakers started to use it too, in their daily lives, especially when denoting some news, newspapers or academic studies in that language.

Yo no entiendo ni el Ivrit ni el Ingles, avlame en muestra lingua, en Espagnol.
(I don't understand neither Hebrew nor English, speak me in our language, in Spanish.)
No t'esforses a avlar en Turktchas, quirida, estamos en casa, avlame en Djudio.
(Don't force yourself to speak with me in Turkish, love, we're at home, speak me in Jewish.)
Los Gregos avlan en Grego, los Ermenis avlan en Ermeni y mosos los Djudios, avlamos en Djudio.
(The Greeks speak in Greek, the Armenians speak in Armenian and we the Jews, speak in Jewish.)
Para mi, muestra lingua, la lingua Espagnola es una ermosa lingua por que kulay kulay yo puedo avlar, yorar, cantar y bailar en Espagnol, ma no lo puedo tanto en Franse u ni en otruna lingua.
(To me, our language, the Spanish language is a beautiful language because I can easily speak, cry, sing and dance in Spanish but I can't do it so much in French nor in another language.)
Que tengas en tino, quando dizimos "Espagnol", avlamos del Espagnol muestro y quando dizimos "Castiyano", suguro que estamos avlando del Espagnol d'Espagna.
(Keep in mind that when we say "Spanish" we speak about our Spanish and when we say "Castilian", surely we are speaking about the Spanish of Spain.)
Hanuma, avreme la radio Kol Yisrael, quero sintir haberes en Djudeo-Espagnol.
(Darling, open the radio channel Kol Yisrael, I want to listen news in Judaeo-Spanish.)

Ladino[edit]

Djudesmo[edit]

Jaquetía[edit]

Other names[edit]

History[edit]

The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492. Some found refuge in the Ottoman Empire, and settled on the Island of Rhodes.^[4]

1490s: They move from Spain to Bayonne, Naples, Saloniki, Jerusalem, Cairo, Tunis, Algiers, Fez and Lisbon.
1490s: They move from Lisbon to Amsterdam and then from Amsterdam to London.
1493: They move from South-Western Spain to Sao Tome and Principe.
1496 - 1498: They move from Portugal to Sao Tome and Principe
1496 - 1516: They move from Portugal to Cape Verde.
1500s: They move from Cape Verde to Salvador, Brazil.
1608 - 1763: They move from the French Antilles to Québec.
1642: They move from Amsterdam to Recife
1654: They move from Brazil to New York, Martinique and Curaçao.
1660s: They move from French Guiana to Brazil.
1664: They move from Cayenne (French Guiana) to Paramaribo (Suriname).
1664 - 1667: They move from England to Paramaribo.
1667: They move from England to Jamaica.
1759 - 1802: They move from Amsterdam to Paramaribo.
1940s: They move from South-Eastern Europe to Buenos Aires.^[5]

Geographical distribution[edit]

From 1492 to 1930s[edit]

Balkans (Salonika, Istanbul, Sarajevo, Izmir)^[3] ^[4]
Anatolia
Middle East
North Africa (Tangier, Tetuán, Fez, Algiers, Cairo)^[3]

From 1930s to Today[edit]

Israel
New York
Buenos Aires^[3]

Dialects and varieties[edit]

Is it a language or a dialect? Confusion.^[4]

Sources of the language[edit]

Phonology[edit]

Differences with Modern Spanish[edit]

j, sh = h^[4]

Orthography[edit]

Grammar[edit]

Vocabulary[edit]

Aínda = Yet (Portuguese)
Trocar = To Change (Portuguese)
Chapeo = Hat (Portuguese)
Chapines = Shoes (Catalan)
El Dio = God
Alhat = Sunday
Muncho = Much
Godro = Fat
Prove = Poor^[4]
Abasho = Below
Abashar = To go down
Los de abasho = The departed
Todo está de arriva abasho. = Everything is upside down.
Abastado = Almighty, Omni-potent
Ma = But
Maalé = Quarter, Neighbourhood (Turkish)
Maarav = West (Hebrew)
Maasé = Story, Event (Hebrew)
Mabul = Deluge, Downpour, Torrent (Hebrew) (No kyero tanto, me dates mabul.)
Makará = Spool of thread^[6]

Literature[edit]

Citations[edit]

Notes

^ Speakers use different orthographical conventions depending on their social, educational, national and personal backgrounds, thus there is no uniformity in spelling, although some established conventions exist. The endonym Judeo-Espanyol is thus also spelled as Cudeo-Espanyol, Djudeo-Espanyol, Djudeo-Espagnol, Judeo-Español, Judeo-Espaniol, Džudeo-Espanjol, Giudeo-Espagnol, Ǧudéo-Españól and Ĵudeo-Español.
^ Also pronounced [dʒuˈdeu spaˈɲol] (Occidental Judaeo-Spanish) and [ʒuˈðeo espaˈɲol] (Moroccan dialects).
^ with its variants Judeo-Spanish and Judæo-Spanish

Citations

^ Judaeo-Spanish at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
^ Varol, Marie-Christie (2008). Bernard D. Cooperman (ed.). Manual of Judeo-Spanish - Language and Culture. USA: University Press of Maryland. ISBN 978-1-934309-19-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Judeo-Spanish Language - General Overview". Retrieved 6 January 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "The Ladino Language". Retrieved 6 January 2013.
^ Batzarov, Zdravko (2001). "The Dispersion of the Sephardic Jews in the World". Orbus Latinus. Retrieved 6 January 2013. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
^ "Al Passy's Sephardic Folk Dictionary". Retrieved 6 January 2013.

References[edit]

External links[edit]

[2] Speakers use different orthographical conventions depending on their social, educational, national and personal backgrounds, thus there is no uniformity in spelling, although some established conventions exist. The endonym Judeo-Espanyol is thus also spelled as Cudeo-Espanyol, Djudeo-Espanyol, Djudeo-Espagnol, Judeo-Español, Judeo-Espaniol, Džudeo-Espanjol, Giudeo-Espagnol, Ǧudéo-Españól and Ĵudeo-Español.

[3] Also pronounced [dʒuˈdeu spaˈɲol] (Occidental Judaeo-Spanish) and [ʒuˈðeo espaˈɲol] (Moroccan dialects).

[4] with its variants Judeo-Spanish and Judæo-Spanish

[e17-1] Judaeo-Spanish at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)

[Varol-5] Varol, Marie-Christie (2008). Bernard D. Cooperman (ed.). Manual of Judeo-Spanish - Language and Culture. USA: University Press of Maryland. ISBN 978-1-934309-19-3.

[GO-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Judeo-Spanish Language - General Overview". Retrieved 6 January 2013.

[Benven-7] "The Ladino Language". Retrieved 6 January 2013.

[Map-8] Batzarov, Zdravko (2001). "The Dispersion of the Sephardic Jews in the World". Orbus Latinus. Retrieved 6 January 2013. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)

[Al_Passy-9] "Al Passy's Sephardic Folk Dictionary". Retrieved 6 January 2013.

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