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Nemocón rock shelter

Nemocón 1-4

Location within Colombia
Location	Nemocón, Cundinamarca
Region	Bogotá savanna Altiplano Cundiboyacense Colombia
Coordinates	5°08′30.2″N 73°52′05.3″W
Altitude	2,620 m (8,596 ft)
Type	Rock shelter
Part of	Pre-Muisca sites
Area	24 m2 (260 sq ft)
History
Material	Stone & bone tools Carbon Human remains
Founded	7530 ± 100 BP
Periods	Lithic-Herrera
Cultures	Preceramic-Herrera
Site notes
Archaeologists	Gonzalo Correal Urrego

The rock shelter of Nemocón is an archaeological site in the north of the Bogotá savanna on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Colombia. The rock shelter is located in the north of municipality Nemocón, Cundinamarca, Colombia. At Nemocón, bone and stone tools (waste material of tool making mostly and knives and scrapers) and carbon have been found. The site has been dated at 7530 ± 100 years BP.

Main researcher of Nemocón rock shelter is Colombian archaeologist Gonzalo Correal Urrego, who also analysed other early sites Tequendama, Aguazuque, Sueva, Tibitó and El Abra..

Background

See also: Muisca Confederation § Prehistory

The Altiplano Cundiboyacense, and its southeastern flat portion the Bogotá savanna were populated by the first humans in the late Pleistocene, as evidenced by finds in Pubenza (16,000 years BP), El Abra, Tibitó and others. Until roughly 30,000 years BP, the Bogotá savanna was covered by a large lake; Lake Humboldt. This glacial lake surrounded by snowy peaks was fed by the glaciers of Sumapaz in the south, based on analysis of debris flow deposits close to Fusagasugá, yielding ages between 40,000 and 7000 years BP. The approximately 4,500 square kilometres (1,700 sq mi) large lake contained an island, presently known as the Suba Hills (Cerros de Suba), in Bogotá. Surrounding the lake, Pleistocene megafauna as Glyptodonts, giant sloths, mastodons and deer foraged. The lake retreated during the last 30,000 years, but remnants still existing today are the Bogotá River and its tributaries, Lake Herrera and the many Wetlands of Bogotá. The timber line around Lake Humboldt, in older texts named Lake Bogotá, has been estimated to have been 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) lower than today.

During the latest Pleistocene and early Holocene, the first humans arrived on the Andean high plateau at 2,650 metres (8,690 ft) above sea level. They settled in caves and rock shelters in various locations on the Altiplano and had a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. The main ingredient of the early diet existing until colonial times was white tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Fishing in the many lakes that existed in those times was another source of food for the people.

Description

Class	Frequency
cores	109
cantos rodados	104
hammers	18
waste	1929
lascas	902
scrapers	178
knives	7
choppers	1
bone scrapers	194
bone points	31
bone frags and microfrags	20,000+

See also

List of Muisca and pre-Muisca sites

Aguazuque, Tequendama, Checua, Sueva

El Abra, Tibitó, Gonzalo Correal Urrego

References

Bibliography

• Correal Urrego, Gonzalo. 1979. Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Abrigos Rocosos de Nemocón y Sueva, 1-264. Fundación de Investigaciones Arqueológicas Nacionales - Banco de la República.
• Montes, Natalia; O. Monsalve; G.W. Berger; J.L. Antinao; H. Giraldo; C. Silva; G. Ojeda; G. Bayona, and J. Escobar. 2015. A climatic trigger for catastrophic Pleistocene–Holocene debris flows in the Eastern Andean Cordillera of Colombia. Journal of Quaternary Science 30(3). 258-270. .
• Prado, José Luis; María Teresa Alberdi; Begoña Sánchez, and Beatríz Azanza. 2003. Diversity of the Pleistocene Gomphotheres (Gomphotheriidae, Proboscidea) from South America. Deinsea 9. 347-363. .
• Scott, David A., and Pieter Meyers. 1994. Archaeometry of Pre-Columbian sites and artifacts, 1-437. The Getty Conservation Institute.
• Villarroel, Carlos; Ana Elena Concha, and Carlos Macía. 2001. El Lago Pleistoceno de Soatá (Boyacá, Colombia): Consideraciones estratigráficas, paleontológicas y paleoecológicas. Geología Colombiana 26. 79-93. .
• Vogel, J.C., and J.C Lerman. 1969. Groningen Radiocarbon Dates VIII. Radiocarbon II(2). 351-390. .
• Zonneveld, Jan Isaak Samuel. 1968. Quaternary climatic changes in the Caribbean and N. South America, 203-208.

Further reading

• Cooke, Richard. 1998. Human settlement of Central America and northernmost South America (14,000-8000 BP). Quaternary International 49/50. 177-190. .
• Dillehay, Tom M. 1999. The Late Pleistocene Cultures of South America. Evolutionary Anthropology _. 206-216. .
• Gnecco, Cristóbal, and Javier Aceituno. 2004. Poblamiento temprano y espacios antropogénicos en el norte de Suramérica - Early peopling and anthropogenic spaces in the northern South America. Complutum 15. 151-164. .
• Correal Urrego, Gonzalo. 2002. Evidencias Culturales Pleistocénicas y del Temprano Holoceno en la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia: Periodización Tentativa - Cultural evidences of the Pleistocene and Early Holocene in the Eastern Ranges of Colombia: tentative timing, 63–73. Accessed 2016-07-08.
• Correal Urrego, Gonzalo. 1990. Aguazuque: Evidence of hunter-gatherers and growers on the high plains of the Eastern Ranges, 1-316. Banco de la República: Fundación de Investigaciones Arqueológicas Nacionales. Accessed 2016-07-08.
• Correal Urrego, Gonzalo. 1990. Evidencias culturales durante el Pleistocene y Holoceno de Colombia - Cultural evidences during the Pleistocene and Holocene of Colombia. Revista de Arqueología Americana 1. 69–89. Accessed 2016-07-08.
• Groot de Mahecha, Ana María. 1992. Checua: Una secuencia cultural entre 8500 y 3000 años antes del presente - Checua: a cultural sequence between 8500 and 3000 years before present, 1-95. Banco de la República. Accessed 2016-07-08.
• Hammen, Thomas van der; Gonzalo Correal Urrego, and Gert Jaap van Klinken. 1990. Isótopos estables y dieta del hombre prehistórico en la sabana de Bogotá - Stable isotopes and diet of the prehistoric man on the Bogotá savanna. Boletín de arqueología 2. 3-10. .
• Hammen, Thomas van der, and Gonzalo Correal Urrego. 2003. Supervivencia de mastodontes, megaterios y presencia del hombre en el Valle del Magdalena (Colombia) entre 6000 y 5000 A.P. - Survival of mastodonts, megatheriums and the presence of man in the Magdalena Valley (Colombia) between 6000 and 5000 years BP. Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. 27. 159-164. Accessed 2016-07-08.

Sueva

Sueva

Location within Colombia
Location	Junín & Guasca, Cundinamarca
Region	Altiplano Cundiboyacense Colombia
Coordinates	4°49′22.9″N 73°45′42.4″W
Altitude	2,560 m (8,399 ft)
Type	Rock shelter
Part of	Pre-Muisca sites
Area	22 m2 (240 sq ft)
History
Material	Stone & bone tools Carbon
Founded	10,090 ± 90 BP
Periods	Prehistory-Herrera
Cultures	Preceramic-Herrera
Site notes
Archaeologists	Gonzalo Correal Urrego

Sueva is the third-oldest dated archaeological site on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Colombia. The rock shelter is located in the extreme west of municipality Junín at the border with Guasca, Cundinamarca, Colombia. At Sueva, bone and stone tools (knives and scrapers mostly) and carbon have been found. Carbon from the deepest human trace containing layer of the site is carbon dated to be 10,090 ± 90 years old.

Main researcher of Sueva is Colombian archaeologist Gonzalo Correal Urrego, who also analysed other early sites Tequendama, Aguazuque, Nemocón, Tibitó and El Abra.

Background

El Abra

Tequendama

Tibitó

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Sueva and other prehistoric sites on the Bogotá savanna

See also: Muisca Confederation § Prehistory

The Altiplano Cundiboyacense, and its southeastern flat portion the Bogotá savanna were populated by the first humans in the late Pleistocene, as evidenced by finds in Pubenza (16,000 years BP), El Abra, Tibitó and others. Until roughly 30,000 years BP, the Bogotá savanna was covered by a large lake; Lake Humboldt. This glacial lake surrounded by snowy peaks was fed by the glaciers of Sumapaz in the south, based on analysis of debris flow deposits close to Fusagasugá, yielding ages between 40,000 and 7000 years BP.

During the latest Pleistocene and early Holocene, the first humans arrived on the Andean high plateau at 2,650 metres (8,690 ft) above sea level. They settled in caves and rock shelters in various locations on the Altiplano and had a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. The main ingredient of the early diet existing until colonial times was white tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Fishing in the many lakes that existed in those times was another source of food for the people.

See also

List of Muisca and pre-Muisca sites

Aguazuque, Tequendama, Checua, Nemocón

El Abra, Tibitó, Gonzalo Correal Urrego

References

Bibliography

• Correal Urrego, Gonzalo. 1979. Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Abrigos Rocosos de Nemocón y Sueva, 1-264. Fundación de Investigaciones Arqueológicas Nacionales - Banco de la República.
• Montes, Natalia; O. Monsalve; G.W. Berger; J.L. Antinao; H. Giraldo; C. Silva; G. Ojeda; G. Bayona, and J. Escobar. 2015. A climatic trigger for catastrophic Pleistocene–Holocene debris flows in the Eastern Andean Cordillera of Colombia. Journal of Quaternary Science 30(3). 258-270. .
• Prado, José Luis; María Teresa Alberdi; Begoña Sánchez, and Beatríz Azanza. 2003. Diversity of the Pleistocene Gomphotheres (Gomphotheriidae, Proboscidea) from South America. Deinsea 9. 347-363. .
• Scott, David A., and Pieter Meyers. 1994. Archaeometry of Pre-Columbian sites and artifacts, 1-437. The Getty Conservation Institute.
• Villarroel, Carlos; Ana Elena Concha, and Carlos Macía. 2001. El Lago Pleistoceno de Soatá (Boyacá, Colombia): Consideraciones estratigráficas, paleontológicas y paleoecológicas. Geología Colombiana 26. 79-93. .
• Vogel, J.C., and J.C Lerman. 1969. Groningen Radiocarbon Dates VIII. Radiocarbon II(2). 351-390. .
• Zonneveld, Jan Isaak Samuel. 1968. Quaternary climatic changes in the Caribbean and N. South America, 203-208.

Further reading

• Cooke, Richard. 1998. Human settlement of Central America and northernmost South America (14,000-8000 BP). Quaternary International 49/50. 177-190. .
• Dillehay, Tom M. 1999. The Late Pleistocene Cultures of South America. Evolutionary Anthropology _. 206-216. .
• Gnecco, Cristóbal, and Javier Aceituno. 2004. Poblamiento temprano y espacios antropogénicos en el norte de Suramérica - Early peopling and anthropogenic spaces in the northern South America. Complutum 15. 151-164. .
• Correal Urrego, Gonzalo. 2002. Evidencias Culturales Pleistocénicas y del Temprano Holoceno en la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia: Periodización Tentativa - Cultural evidences of the Pleistocene and Early Holocene in the Eastern Ranges of Colombia: tentative timing, 63–73. Accessed 2016-07-08.
• Correal Urrego, Gonzalo. 1990. Aguazuque: Evidence of hunter-gatherers and growers on the high plains of the Eastern Ranges, 1-316. Banco de la República: Fundación de Investigaciones Arqueológicas Nacionales. Accessed 2016-07-08.
• Correal Urrego, Gonzalo. 1990. Evidencias culturales durante el Pleistocene y Holoceno de Colombia - Cultural evidences during the Pleistocene and Holocene of Colombia. Revista de Arqueología Americana 1. 69–89. Accessed 2016-07-08.
• Groot de Mahecha, Ana María. 1992. Checua: Una secuencia cultural entre 8500 y 3000 años antes del presente - Checua: a cultural sequence between 8500 and 3000 years before present, 1-95. Banco de la República. Accessed 2016-07-08.
• Hammen, Thomas van der; Gonzalo Correal Urrego, and Gert Jaap van Klinken. 1990. Isótopos estables y dieta del hombre prehistórico en la sabana de Bogotá - Stable isotopes and diet of the prehistoric man on the Bogotá savanna. Boletín de arqueología 2. 3-10. .
• Hammen, Thomas van der, and Gonzalo Correal Urrego. 2003. Supervivencia de mastodontes, megaterios y presencia del hombre en el Valle del Magdalena (Colombia) entre 6000 y 5000 A.P. - Survival of mastodonts, megatheriums and the presence of man in the Magdalena Valley (Colombia) between 6000 and 5000 years BP. Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. 27. 159-164. Accessed 2016-07-08.