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Introduction

Tilted sedimentary bedding in shales of the Cretaceous Salto del Fraile Formation, Peru.

Beds are the layers of sedimentary rocks that are distinctly different from overlying and underlying subsequent beds of different sedimentary rocks. Layers of beds are called stratigraphy or strata. They are formed from sedimentary rocks being deposited on a layer over a long periods of time. The stratigraphy are layered in the same order that they were deposited, allowing for a method to differentiate which beds are younger and which ones are older (the Law of Superposition). The structure of a bed is determined by its bedding plane. Beds can be differentiated in various ways, including rock or mineral type and particle size. The term is generally applied to sedimentary strata, but may also be used for volcanic flows or ash layers.

In a quarry, a bedding is a term used for a structure occurring in granite and similar massive rocks that allows them to split in well-defined planes horizontally or parallel to the land surface. Other kinds of beds are cross beds and graded beds. Cross beds are not layered horizontally and are tilted caused by deformation. Graded beds shows a gradual change in grain or clast sizes from one end of the rock to the other. A normal grading is when there are bigger grain sizes on the older bed end while an inverse grading is when there are smaller grain sizes on the older bed end. By knowing the type of beds, geologists can determine the relative ages of the rocks.

Bed Thickness

Thickness of bed and laminae sizes in centimeters

A bed is the smallest lithostratigraphic unit, usually ranging in thickness from a centimeter to several meters and distinguishable from beds above and below it. The thickness of the bed is determined by the time period involving the deposition of the rocks.

• Very Thick Bed - 100cm
• Thick Bed - 30cm
• Medium Bed - 10cm
• Thin Bed - 3cm
• Very Thin Bed - 1cm
• Thinner than 1cm is called a Lamina

Engineering considerations

In geotechnical engineering a bedding plane often forms a discontinuity that may have a large influence on the mechanical behaviour (strength, deformation, etc.) of soil and rock masses in, for example, tunnel, foundation, or slope construction.

Geologic Principles

Law of Superposition, Law of Original Horizontality, Law of Lateral Continuity, Cross-Cutting Relationship

There are geologic principles that the beds normally follow. Even though there can be cases where the principles do not apply mostly due to faults, they are true for most cases.

• Law of Superposition is the law that states that the oldest rocks are deposited first and has the younger layers deposited last, as long as the beds have not been overturned through tectonic activities. This is used to date the stratigraphy and their relative ages.

• Law of Original Horizontality states that if the beds are not horizontal, then the layers were caused to either fold or tilt through tectonic activities. They were all deposited horizontally due to gravity.

• Law of Lateral Continuity states that the bed deposits extends in all lateral directions. This means that if two places separated by erosional features have similar rocks, it could mean that they were originally continuous.

• Cross-Cutting Relationship states that a fault is younger than the rock layers that it goes through. It helps with relatively dating the rocks.

Choose your sources

• Boggs, S. Jr. (2001). "Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy 3rd. ed". Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: 726 p.

— The study of beds sequenced as layers on top of other beds.

• Campbell C. V. (1979). "Lamiae, laminaset, bed and bedset: Sedimentology" v8, p7-26

— Difference in the sizes of beds and terminology of them.

• Einsele G., Ricken W., and Seilacher A. (1991). "cycles and events in stratigraphy", Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1991. 955p.

— Sedimentary's cycle in formation with similar lithology.

• F.L. Ladeira, N.J.Price. (1981). "Relationship between fracture spacing and bed thickness", Journal of Structural Geology, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 179 to 183, 1981. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0191814181900134

— How the thickness of a bed is affected by the beds of layers adjacent.

• Ingram, R.L., Terminology for the thickness of stratification and parting units in sedimentary rocks. Geol. Soc. Bulletin, 65: 937-938.

— Different bed thicknesses and their terminology.

• Lyell, C. (1830). Principles of Geology volume 1, pp 511

— Bedding structures and uniformitarianism.

• Rong, JiaYu.(May 2012). "Tracking shallow marine red beds through geological time as exemplified by the lower Telychian (Silurian) in the Upper Yangtze Region, South China", Volume 55, Issue 5, pp 699-713

— Talks about the nature of marine red beds and where they can be found

• Schlager, W. (1671). Fractal nature of stratigraphic sequences. Geology, 32(3): 185-188.

— The order of stratigraphic sequences

Choose Your Topic - "Bed (geology)"

• I plan on adding information about what affects the thickness of a bed
• I also plan on adding helpful units for bed sizes