User:Strangfeldaa/Archaeological looting

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A looter's pit (left) at the ancient Sumerian city of Kish, Iraq. Fragments of pottery (right) are scattered near the pit

Archaeological looting is the illicit removal of artifacts from an archaeological site. Such looting is the major source of artifacts for the antiquities market.[1] Looting typically involves either the illegal exportation of artifacts from their country of origin or the domestic distribution of looted goods.[2] Looting has been linked to the economic and political stability of the possessing nation, with levels of looting increasing during times of crisis,[3] but it has been known to occur during peacetimes and some looters take part in the practice as a means of income, referred to as subsistence looting[4]. However, looting is also endemic in so-called "archaeological countries" like Italy, Greece, Turkey, Sicily, Cyprus and other areas of the Mediterranean Basin, as well as many areas of Africa, South East Asia and Central and South America, which have a rich heritage of archaeological sites, a large proportion of which are still unknown to formal archaeological science. Many countries have antique looting laws which state that the removal of the cultural object without formal permission is illegal and considered theft.[5] Looting is not only illegal; the practice may also threaten access to cultural heritage. Cultural heritage is knowledge about a heritage that is passed down from generation to generation.[6]

Grave robbery is a type of archaeological looting. Grave robbing is the illegal removal of bodies from grave sites. Often, grave robbing involves sealing artefacts or personal items within ones burial which may later be sold on the black market.

Sites of Archaeological Looting[edit]

Dura-Europos

Dura-Europos[edit]

Dura-Europos is an ancient Christian church located in modern day southeast Syria covering about 140 acres of land.[7][8] It was built in 256 CE in an early Roman era town from stone and rock.[9][8] In 1920, it was discovered by British soldiers when they were digging into the ground during World War I to form trenches.[9] It contains religious figures, shrines, and sculptures of Gods such as those who were Roman, Sumerian, Palmyrene, Judean, Parthian, and Greek.[10] It also contains sacred architecture, wall paintings, and the oldest portrait of Jesus Christ.[7] The site represents a blend of many different cultural traditions.[7] It is said that 70 percent of the site has been ruined because of looters.[9] Based on images from satellites in 2014, the mud-brick walls have been left cratered.[10][11]

Controversial Artifacts[edit]

The Elgin Marbles residing in the British Museum

Elgin Marbles[edit]

The Elgin Marbles, or Parthenon Marbles are a collection of architecture and sculptures originating from the Parthenon in Athens.[12] Thomas Bruce of England, the 7th Earl of Elgin removed the Marbles and had them shipped to England.[12] Thomas Bruce was the Ottoman Empire's British ambassador.[12] Some say that the 7th Earl of Elgin looted the Marbles, but others say that he received permission from the Ottoman authorities.[13] The Elgin Marbles were removed from Greece and brought to London. The Marbles were bought from the 7th Earl of Elgin by Great Britain and they are now displayed in the British Museum.[14][15] It is a controversial topic as to who the Elgin Marbles belong to.[12] The Greek government wants the Marbles back because at the time the Marbles were taken to London, Greece was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.[12] The British Museum wants to keep the marbles in London because they believe they are saving the Marbles from damage.[12]

The Euphronios Krater painting of Sarpedon dying

Euphronios Krater[edit]

The Euphronios Krater is an ancient Greek vessel. It was made around 515 BC in Athens by the artist Euphronios. The vessel was used to mix wine and water. The vessel is said to have been excavated from an Etruscan tomb.[16] The painting on it is an image of Sarpedon, the son of Zeus, dying with Hermes, Hypnos, and Thanatos surrounding Sarapedon.[17] The vessel also includes a painting of 3 children of Athens preparing for a battle.[17] One popular story for the Euphronios Krater is that the Krater was looted by grave robbers and then sold to Giacomo Medici who is an Italian art dealer who has been convicted of receiving and exporting stolen objects.[18][19] The Krater is said to have then been sold to Robert Hecht who is an American antiques dealer and then sold to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[19] The Metropolitan Museum of Art is said to have purchased the Euphronios Krater in 1972 for one million dollars.[19] Eventually, the Krater was returned to the Italian Government and the Krater was brought to the Villa Giulia Museum in Rome.[19]

Detecting Looted Sites by Satellite[edit]

The telltale "pockmarks" at a looted site which can be detected via satellite

Illegal excavations leave distinctive pits across the surface of an archaeological site which bear no resemblance to the surface changes made by official, methodological archaeological work.[4] Satellite imaging is one method employed to help identify sites of looting, both by detecting recent lootings and by corroborating reports from locals on the ground,[4] and recent technological advancements have enabled the use of software which automatically parses through satellite images applied to digital elevation models (DEMs) to find irregularities consistent with sites of looting.[20] Satellites have also been used effectively to keep an eye on sites where looting has been known to occur.[4] Additional measures of aerial surveillance of archaeological sites, including by drones, helicopters, and airplanes, have seen limited application due to interference imposed by local governments and conflict.[4] [20] Satellite imaging may be effective at detecting locations which have been looted in this visually distinct way, but these techniques are ineffective when applied to other ways in which historic sites can be stolen from or defaced.[4]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Bowman Proulx 2013, p.111.
  2. ^ "Expedition Magazine - Penn Museum". www.penn.museum. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
  3. ^ Valdés 2006, p. 98.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Tapete, Deodato; Cigna, Francesca. 2019. "Detection of Archaeological Looting from Space: Methods, Achievements and Challenges." Remote Sens. 11, no. 20: 2389. Cite error: The named reference ":7" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  5. ^ "Illicit Antiquities « Trafficking Culture". Retrieved 2020-07-13.
  6. ^ "What is Cultural Heritage? (article)". Khan Academy. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
  7. ^ a b c "Ancient History, Modern Destruction: Assessing the Status of Syria's Tentative World Heritage Sites Using High-Resolution Satellite Imagery | American Association for the Advancement of Science". www.aaas.org. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
  8. ^ a b "Church of Dura-Europos · Christian Architecture Through the Middle Ages · Medieval Art". projects.leadr.msu.edu. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
  9. ^ a b c "Via Satellite, Tracking The Plunder Of Middle East Cultural History". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
  10. ^ a b "ISIS seeks to control the country's future by destroying its Christian past". America Magazine. 2016-01-07. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
  11. ^ "Here Are the Ancient Sites ISIS Has Damaged and Destroyed". National Geographic News. 2015-09-01. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
  12. ^ a b c d e f "Elgin Marbles | Greek sculpture". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
  13. ^ Ward, Victoria (2020-06-18). "Why are the Elgin marbles so controversial – and everything else you need to know". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
  14. ^ "Thomas Bruce, 7th earl of Elgin | British diplomat". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
  15. ^ "How the Parthenon Lost Its Marbles". History Magazine. 2017-03-28. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
  16. ^ "The Euphronios Krater Controversy | Museum Studies 2015". sites.psu.edu. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
  17. ^ a b "Euphronios (Sarpedon) Krater « Trafficking Culture". Retrieved 2020-08-01.
  18. ^ "Giacomo Medici « Trafficking Culture". Retrieved 2020-08-01.
  19. ^ a b c d "The Euphronios Krater Controversy | Museum Studies 2015". sites.psu.edu. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
  20. ^ a b Lasaponara, Rosa, et al. “Investigating Archaeological Looting Using Satellite Images and GEORADAR: the Experience in Lambayeque in North Peru.” Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 42, Feb. 2014, pp. 216–230., doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.10.032.

Sources[edit]

Bowman Proulx, Blythe (January 2013) "Archaeological Site Looting in "Glocal" Perspective: Nature, Scope, and Frequency". American Journal of Archaeology (Archaeological Institute of America) 117 (1): 111-125 JSTOR 10.3764/aja.117.1.0111 doi:10.3764/aja.117.1.0111 (subscription required)
Valdés, Juan Antonio (2006). "Management and Conservation of Guatemala's Cultural Heritage: A Challenge to Keep History Alive". In Barbara T. Hoffman (ed.). Art and cultural heritage: law, policy, and practice. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 94–99. ISBN 978-0-521-85764-2. OCLC 434442795.

Category:Archaeological theft Category:Looting

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