User:Ssbjy/Sun
 | |
| Observation data | |
|---|---|
| Mean distance from Earth | 1.496×108 km 8 min 19 s at light speed |
| Visual brightness (V) | −26.74[1] |
| Absolute magnitude | 4.83[1] |
| Spectral classification | G2V |
| Metallicity | Z = 0.0122[2] |
| Angular size | 31.6–32.7′[3] |
| Adjectives | Solar |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Mean distance from Milky Way core | ≈ 2.7×1017 km 27200 light-years |
| Galactic period | (2.25–2.50)×108 a (years) |
| Velocity | ≈ 220 km/s (orbit around the center of the Galaxy) ≈ 20 km/s (relative to average velocity of other stars in stellar neighborhood) ≈ 370 km/s[4] (relative to the cosmic microwave background) |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Equatorial radius | 696342±65 km[5] 109 × Earth[6] |
| Equatorial circumference | 4.379×106 km[6] 109 × Earth[6] |
| Flattening | 9×10−6 |
| Surface area | 6.09×1012 km2[6] 12000 × Earth[6] |
| Volume | 1.41×1018 km3[6] 1300000 × Earth |
| Mass | (1.98855±0.00025)×1030 kg[1] 333000 × Earth[1] |
| Average density | 1.408 g/cm3 1.408×103 kg/m3[1][6][7] 0.255 × Earth[1][6] |
| Center density (modeled) | 1.622×102 g/cm3 1.622×105 kg/m3[1] |
| Equatorial surface gravity | 274.0 m/s2[1] 27.94 g 27542.29 cgs 28 × Earth[6] |
| Escape velocity (from the surface) | 617.7 km/s[6] 55 × Earth[6] |
| Center Temperature (modeled) | 1.57×107 K[1] Photosphere (effective): 5778 K[1] Corona: ≈ 5×106 K |
| Luminosity (Lsol) | 3.846×1026 W[1] ≈ 3.75×1028 lm ≈ 98 lm/W efficacy |
| Mean radiance (Isol) | 2.009×107 W·m−2·sr−1 |
| Age | ≈4.6 billion years[8][9] |
| Rotation characteristics | |
| Obliquity | 7.25°[1] (to the ecliptic) 67.23° (to the galactic plane) |
| Right ascension of North pole[10] | 286.13° 19 h 4 min 30 s |
| Declination of North pole | +63.87° 63° 52' North |
| Sidereal rotation period (at equator) | 25.05 days[1] |
| (at 16° latitude) | 25.38 days[1] 25 d 9 h 7 min 12 s[10] |
| (at poles) | 34.4 days[1] |
| Rotation velocity (at equator) | 7.189×103 km/h[6] |
| Photospheric composition (by mass) | |
| Hydrogen | 73.46%[11] |
| Helium | 24.85% |
| Oxygen | 0.77% |
| Carbon | 0.29% |
| Iron | 0.16% |
| Neon | 0.12% |
| Nitrogen | 0.09% |
| Silicon | 0.07% |
| Magnesium | 0.05% |
| Sulfur | 0.04% |
Introduction[edit]
Name and etymology[edit]
Characteristics[edit]
Chemical composition[edit]
Solar cycles[edit]
Life phases[edit]
Sunlight[edit]
Motion and location[edit]
Theoretical problems[edit]
History of observation[edit]
Observation and effects[edit]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Williams, D. R. (1 July 2013). "Sun Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
- ^ Asplund, M.; Grevesse, N.; Sauval, A. J. (2006). "The new solar abundances - Part I: the observations". Communications in Asteroseismology. 147: 76–79. Bibcode:2006CoAst.147...76A. doi:10.1553/cia147s76.
- ^ "Eclipse 99: Frequently Asked Questions". NASA. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- ^ Hinshaw, G.; et al. (2009). "Five-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe observations: data processing, sky maps, and basic results". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 180 (2): 225–245. arXiv:0803.0732. Bibcode:2009ApJS..180..225H. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author2=(help) - ^ Emilio, M.; Kuhn, J. R.; Bush, R. I.; Scholl, I. F. (2012). "Measuring the Solar Radius from Space during the 2003 and 2006 Mercury Transits". The Astrophysical Journal. 750 (2): 135. arXiv:1203.4898. Bibcode:2012ApJ...750..135E. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/135.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Solar System Exploration: Planets: Sun: Facts & Figures". NASA. Archived from the original on 2 January 2008.
- ^ Ko, M. (1999). Elert, G. (ed.). "Density of the Sun". The Physics Factbook.
- ^ Bonanno, A.; Schlattl, H.; Paternò, L. (2008). "The age of the Sun and the relativistic corrections in the EOS". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 390 (3): 1115–1118. arXiv:astro-ph/0204331. Bibcode:2002A&A...390.1115B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020749.
- ^ Connelly, J. N.; Bizzarro, M.; Krot, A. N.; Nordlund, A.; Wielandt, D.; Ivanova, M. A. (2 November 2012). "The Absolute Chronology and Thermal Processing of Solids in the Solar Protoplanetary Disk". Science. 338 (6107): 651–655. doi:10.1126/science.1226919. PMID 23118187. Retrieved 17 March 2014.(registration required)
- ^ a b Seidelmann, P. K.; et al. (2000). "Report Of The IAU/IAG Working Group On Cartographic Coordinates And Rotational Elements Of The Planets And Satellites: 2000". Retrieved 22 March 2006.
{{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author2=(help) - ^ "The Sun's Vital Statistics". Stanford Solar Center. Retrieved 29 July 2008. Citing Eddy, J. (1979). A New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab. NASA. p. 37. NASA SP-402.