User:Skozik/sandbox/Chosŏn

Coordinates: 40°00′N 127°00′E / 40.000°N 127.000°E / 40.000; 127.000
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This page is about the Democratic People's Republic of Choson, formerly known in English as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. For the Korean dynastic kingdom lasting from 1392 to 1896, see Joseon.
"North Korea" redirects here. For other uses, see Korea, Korean Peninsula, and Korean War.

40°00′N 127°00′E / 40.000°N 127.000°E / 40.000; 127.000

Democratic People's Republic of Choson
  • 조선민주주의인민공화국
  • Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk
Flag of Choson
Flag
Emblem of Choson
Emblem
Anthem: 
(English: "The Patriotic Song")
Location of Choson
Capital
and largest city
Pyongyang
39°2′N 125°45′E / 39.033°N 125.750°E / 39.033; 125.750
Official languagesKorean (Chosonese dialect)[1]
Official scriptChosŏn'gŭl[2]
Demonym(s)
GovernmentUnitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy[3]
Kim Jong-un[n 1]
Kim Yong-nam[n 2]
Pak Pong-ju
Choe Ryong-hae
Choe Thae-bok
LegislatureSupreme People's Assembly
Formation
c. 7th century BC
18 BC
698
918
1392
October 12, 1897
August 29, 1910
March 1, 1919
April 11, 1919
• Liberation/Independence from Japan
15 August 1945
8 February 1946
• Foundation of DPRK
9 September 1948
• Chinese withdrawal
October 1958
• Juche ideology implemented
27 December 1972
29 June 2016
Area
• Total
120,540 km2 (46,540 sq mi)[4] (97th)
• Water (%)
0.11
Population
• 2021 estimate
25,971,909[5][6] (52nd)
• 2008 census
24,052,231[7]
• Density
212/km2 (549.1/sq mi) (65th)
GDP (PPP)2014 estimate
• Total
$40 billion[8]
• Per capita
$1,800[9]
GDP (nominal)2015 estimate
• Total
$25 billion[10][11]
• Per capita
$1,000[11]
CurrencyNorth Korean won (₩) (KPW)
Time zoneUTC+9 (Pyongyang Time[12])
Date format
  • yy, yyyy년 mm월 dd일
  • yy, yyyy/mm/dd (AD–1911 / AD)
Driving sideright
Calling code+850[13]
Internet TLD.kp[14]
'Democratic People's Republic of Korea'
"Democratic People's Republic of Korea" in Chosŏn'gŭl (top) and hancha (bottom) scripts.
Korean name
Chosŏn'gŭl
Hancha
Revised RomanizationJoseon Minjujuui Inmin Gonghwaguk
McCune–ReischauerChosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk

North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK or DPR Korea) (Korean: 조선민주주의인민공화국, Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk), is a country in East Asia constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula, with Pyongyang the capital and the largest city in the country. The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time,[15][16][17][18] ruling most of the Korean Peninsula, Manchuria, parts of the Russian Far East[19] and Inner Mongolia,[20] under Gwanggaeto the Great.[21] To the north and northwest, the country is bordered by China and by Russia along the Amnok (known as the Yalu in Chinese) and Tumen rivers;[22] it is bordered to the south by South Korea, with the heavily fortified Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) separating the two. Nevertheless, North Korea, like its southern counterpart, claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands.[23] Both North Korea and South Korea became members of the United Nations in 1991.[24]

In 1910, Korea was annexed by Imperial Japan. After the Japanese surrender at the end of World War II in 1945, Korea was divided into two zones, with the north occupied by the Soviet Union and the south occupied by the United States. Negotiations on reunification failed, and in 1948, separate governments were formed: the socialist Democratic People's Republic of Korea in the north, and the capitalist Republic of Korea in the south. An invasion initiated by North Korea led to the Korean War (1950–1953). The Korean Armistice Agreement brought about a ceasefire, but no peace treaty was signed.[25]

North Korea officially describes itself as a "self-reliant" socialist state, and formally holds elections,[26] though said elections have been described by outside observers as sham elections.[27][28] Various media outlets have called it Stalinist,[37] particularly noting the elaborate cult of personality around Kim Il-sung and his family. The Workers' Party of Korea (WPK), led by a member of the ruling family,[38] holds power in the state and leads the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland of which all political officers are required to be members.[39] Juche, an ideology of national self-reliance, was introduced into the constitution in 1972.[40][41] The means of production are owned by the state through state-run enterprises and collectivized farms. Most services such as healthcare, education, housing and food production are subsidized or state-funded.[42] From 1994 to 1998, North Korea suffered a famine that resulted in the deaths of between 240,000 and 420,000 people,[43] and the population continues to suffer malnutrition. North Korea follows Songun, or "military-first" policy.[44] It is the country with the highest number of military and paramilitary personnel, with a total of 9,495,000 active, reserve and paramilitary personnel, or approximately 37% of its population. Its active duty army of 1.21 million is the fourth largest in the world, after China, the United States and India;[45] consisting of 4.7% of its population. It possesses nuclear weapons.[46][47]

The UN inquiry into human rights in North Korea concluded that, "The gravity, scale and nature of these violations reveal a state that does not have any parallel in the contemporary world".[48] The North Korean regime strongly denies most allegations, accusing international organizations of fabricating human rights abuses as part of a smear campaign with the covert intention of undermining the state, although they admit that there are human rights issues relating to living conditions which the regime is attempting to correct.[49][50][51][52]

  1. ^ Minahan, James B. (2014). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-61069-018-8.
  2. ^ Alton, David; Chidley, Rob (2013). Building Bridges: Is There Hope for North Korea?. Oxford: Lion Books. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-7459-5598-8.
  3. ^ "Korea, North". Britannica Book of the Year 2014. London: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. 2014. p. 642. ISBN 978-1-62513-171-3.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference unstats08 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  6. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  7. ^ "DPR Korea 2008 Population Census National Report" (PDF). Pyongyang: DPRK Central Bureau of Statistics. 2009. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference CIAGDP(PPP) was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference CIAGDP(PPP)Capita was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ "National Accounts Main Aggregate Database". United Nations Statistics Division. December 2012. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016.
  11. ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Hyundai Research Institute (South Korea)
  12. ^ "Decree on Redesignating Pyongyang Time". Naenara. 30 April 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference CIATelephone was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference Hersher2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Roberts, John Morris; Westad, Odd Arne (2013). The History of the World. Oxford University Press. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-19-993676-2. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  16. ^ Gardner, Hall (27 November 2007). Averting Global War: Regional Challenges, Overextension, and Options for American Strategy. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 158–159. ISBN 978-0-230-60873-3. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  17. ^ Laet, Sigfried J. de (1994). History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century. UNESCO. p. 1133. ISBN 978-92-3102813-7. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  18. ^ Walker, Hugh Dyson (20 November 2012). East Asia: A New History. AuthorHouse. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-1-4772-6517-8. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  19. ^ Kotkin, Stephen; Wolff, David (4 March 2015). Rediscovering Russia in Asia: Siberia and the Russian Far East: Siberia and the Russian Far East. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-46129-6. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  20. ^ Tudor, Daniel (10 November 2012). Korea: The Impossible Country: The Impossible Country. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-1022-9. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  21. ^ Kim, Jinwung (2012). A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-253-00078-1. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  22. ^ Frank Jacobs (21 February 2012). "Manchurian Trivia" (blog by expert). The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  23. ^ http://www.law.go.kr/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=61603&efYd=19880225#0000 Archived 29 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ "A Single Flag – North And South Korea Join U.N. And The World". The Seattle Times. 17 September 1991. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  25. ^ "U.S.: N. Korea Boosting Guerrilla War Capabilities". FOX News Network, LLC. Associated Press. 23 June 2009. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  26. ^ "Preamble". Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House. 2014. p. 1. ISBN 978-9946-0-1099-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2016 Amended and supplemented on 1 April, Juche 102 (2013), at the Seventh Session of the Twelfth Supreme People's Assembly.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  27. ^ Choe Sang-Hun (9 March 2014). "North Korea Uses Election To Reshape Parliament". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  28. ^ Hotham, Oliver (3 March 2014). "The weird, weird world of North Korean elections". NK News. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  29. ^ Spencer, Richard (28 August 2007). "North Korea power struggle looms". The Telegraph (online version of United Kingdom's national newspaper). London. Archived from the original on 20 November 2007. Retrieved 31 October 2007. A power struggle to succeed Kim Jong-il as leader of North Korea's Stalinist dictatorship may be looming after his eldest son was reported to have returned from semi-voluntary exile.
  30. ^ Parry, Richard Lloyd (5 September 2007). "North Korea's nuclear 'deal' leaves Japan feeling nervous". The Times (online version of United Kingdom's national newspaper of record). London. Archived from the original on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2007. The US Government contradicted earlier North Korean claims that it had agreed to remove the Stalinist dictatorship's designation as a terrorist state and to lift economic sanctions, as part of talks aimed at disarming Pyongyang of its nuclear weapons.
  31. ^ Walsh, Lynn (8 February 2003). "The Korean crisis". CWI online: Socialism Today, February 2003 edition, journal of the Socialist Party, CWI England and Wales. socialistworld.net, website of the committee for a worker’s international. Archived from the original on 3 December 2007. Retrieved 31 October 2007. Kim Jong-il's regime needs economic concessions to avoid collapse, and just as crucially needs an end to the strategic siege imposed by the U.S. since the end of the Korean war (1950–53). Pyongyang's nuclear brinkmanship, though potentially dangerous, is driven by fear rather than by militaristic ambition. The rotten Stalinist dictatorship faces the prospect of an implosion. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, which deprived North Korea of vital economic support, the nation has consistently attempted to secure from the US a non-aggression pact, recognition of its sovereignty, and economic assistance. The US's equally consistent refusal to enter into direct negotiations with North Korea, effectively ruling out a peace treaty to formally close the 1950–53 Korean War, has encouraged the regime to resort to nuclear blackmail.
  32. ^ Brooke, James (2 October 2003). "North Korea Says It Is Using Plutonium to Make A-Bombs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 December 2007. Retrieved 31 October 2007. North Korea, run by a Stalinist dictatorship for almost six decades, is largely closed to foreign reporters and it is impossible to independently check today's claims.
  33. ^ Buruma, Ian (13 March 2008). "Leader Article: Let The Music Play On". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2008. North Korea, officially known as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, is one of the world's most oppressive, closed, and vicious dictatorships. It is perhaps the last living example of pure totalitarianism – control of the state over every aspect of human life.
  34. ^ "Freedom in the World, 2006". Freedom House. Archived from the original on 14 July 2007. Retrieved 13 February 2007. Citizens of North Korea cannot change their government democratically. North Korea is a totalitarian dictatorship and one of the most restrictive countries in the world.
  35. ^ "Economist Intelligence Unit democracy index 2006" (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2007. Retrieved 9 October 2007. North Korea ranked in last place (167)
  36. ^ "A portrait of North Korea's new rich". The Economist. 29 May 2008. Archived from the original on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2009. EVERY developing country worth its salt has a bustling middle class that is transforming the country and thrilling the markets. So does Stalinist North Korea.
  37. ^ [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]
  38. ^ Audrey Yoo (16 October 2013). "North Korea rewrites rules to legitimise Kim family succession". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 28 October 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  39. ^ "The Parliamentary System of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea" (PDF). Constitutional and Parliamentary Information. Association of Secretaries General of Parliaments (ASGP) of the Inter-Parliamentary Union. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  40. ^ Wikisource:Constitution of North Korea (1972)
  41. ^ Martin 2004, p. 111: "Although it was in that 1955 speech that Kim Il-sung gave full voice to his arguments for juche, he had been talking along similar lines as early as 1948."
  42. ^ Country Profile 2007, pp. 7–8.
  43. ^ Cite error: The named reference Spoorenberg was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  44. ^ H. Hodge (2003). "North Korea’s Military Strategy" Archived 24 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Parameters, U.S. Army War College Quarterly.
  45. ^ Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs (April 2007). "Background Note: North Korea". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 5 August 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
  46. ^ "Armed forces: Armied to the hilt". The Economist. 19 July 2011. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
  47. ^ Anthony H. Cordesman (21 July 2011). The Korean Military Balance (PDF). Center for Strategic & International Studies. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-89206-632-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2011. The DPRK has implosion fission weapons.
  48. ^ "Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Chapter VII. Conclusions and recommendations", United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, p. 346, 17 February 2014, archived from the original on 27 February 2014, retrieved 1 November 2014
  49. ^ Cite error: The named reference human_rights1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  50. ^ Cite error: The named reference human_rights2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  51. ^ Cite error: The named reference SCR212 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  52. ^ Cite error: The named reference human_rights4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


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