User:Skeet Shooter/Sandbox/TPS

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USAF Test Pilot School
Active9 September 1944–present
CountryUnited States
BranchAir Force
TypeSchool
Size150
Part of412th Test Wing
Garrison/HQEdwards Air Force Base
Motto(s)Scientia est Virtus
Commanders
Current
commander		Mike Luallen
Notable
commanders		Chuck Yeager
Buzz Aldrin

The U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School (USAF TPS) is a military unit that trains experimental test pilots, flight test engineers, and flight test navigators to carry out test and evaluation of aerospace weapon systems.[1] The school was established on September 9, 1944 as the Flight Test Training Unit at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (AFB) in Dayton, Ohio.[2] To take advantage of the uncongested skies and superb flying weather, the school was moved on February 4, 1951 to its present location at Edwards Air Force Base in the Mojave Desert of Southern California.[2] Edwards AFB is the home of the Air Force Flight Test Center and has been an integral part of flight testing for over fifty years.[3]

The Test Pilot School was created to formalize and standardize test pilot training in order to reduce the high accident rate during the 1940s and increase the number of productive test flights.[4] In response to the increasing complexity of aircraft and their electronic systems, the school added training programs for flight test engineers and flight test navigators.[5] Between 1962 and 1972, the school included astronaut training for military test pilots, but these classes were dropped when the USAF manned spaceflight mission was eliminated.[6] Class size has historically been small with recent classes composed of approximately twenty students.[7] The school is a component of the 412th Test Wing of the Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC).[8]

Mission[edit]

The mission of the USAF Test Pilot School is to produce highly-adaptive, critical-thinking flight test professionals to lead and conduct full-spectrum test and evaluation of aerospace weapon systems. Performing this mission allows the school to fulfill the vision of being the world’s premiere educational and training center of excellence for theoretical and applied flight test engineering.[1]

Selection process[edit]

  • Admission into the USAF TPS is extremely competitive. The best and the brightest of the flying world compete to attend this School. It is not uncommon for potential students to be alternatives two or three times before getting accepted.[7]
  • civilians are also permitted and encouraged to apply for the long course program[7]
  • Prospective students should provide AF Form 1711, USAF Test Pilot School Application, plus additional forms specific to a)USAF Pilot/Navigator, b) Experimental FTE, and c) Civilian applicant for the selection board.[9]
  • Experimental FTE and civilian applicants are required to undergo a flying Class III physical prior to the TPS selection board[10]
  • Applications must be received by Special Flying Programs Section HQ AFPC/DPAOT3 no later than 45 days before the selection boards meets. USAF selection boards are held once a year at the Headquarters of the Air Force Personnel Center. The boards are normally held in November and the board selects the TPS two classes for the next year. It is at this point that AFIT-TPS students, and students for foreign TPS schools are also selected. The USAF TPS Commandant Chairs the Chair of the Board. Board members consist of a HQ AFPC Colonel, and at least a majority of the board members must be TPS graduates (Majors or Lieutenant Colonels) who are standing flight test squadron commanders. The AFMC/DO selects board members.[10]

Admission requirements[edit]

As of June 2007, the admission requirements for application to the USAF TPS are:[7]

Course Time in Service Education Experience Physical Qualification
Pilot ≤ 10 years B.S. in Eng., Math, or Physics (GPA > 2.5) 750 hours or Instructor Pilot (IP) in a major weapon system
12 months Aircraft Commander (AC) in a major weapon system 		Annual Flying Class II
Navigator ≤ 10 years B.S. in Eng., Math, or Physics (GPA > 2.5) 500 hours or Instructor Navigator (IN) in a major weapon system Annual Flying Class II
Engineer ≤ 8 years B.S. in Eng., Math, or Physics (GPA > 2.8)
Technical M.S. desired 		≥ 2 years in 13XX, 14NX, 21AX, 21CX, 21LX, 21MX, 33SX, 61SX, 62EX, 63AX
Civilian: ≥ 2 years in Test & Evaluation 		Annual Flying Class III
  • Grade Point Average (GPA) is on a 4.0 scale.[11]
  • Military standards for flying duty are defined in Air Force Instruction 48-123, Volume 3, Attachment 4.[12]
  • Air Force Specialty Codes listed for engineers include:[13]
    • 13XX—Operations: Space, Missile, Command and Control
    • 14NX—Operations: Intelligence
    • 21AX—Logistics: Aircraft Maintenance
    • 21CX—Logistics: (not found)
    • 21LX—Logistics: Logistician
    • 21MX—Logistics: Munitions and Missile Maintenance
    • 33SX—Support: Communications and Information
    • 61SX—Acquisition: Scientist
    • 62EX—Acquisition: Developmental Engineer
    • 63AX—Acquisition: Acquisition Manager

Exchange program[edit]

From time to time, students are selected to attend different test pilot schools in an exchange program between test cultures. In this vein, students can be sent to the Naval Test Pilot School in Pax River, Md to learn testing techniques from the Navy. Also, USAF TPS has an exchange program with Empire Test Pilot School at Boscombe Down in the United Kingdom, and EPNER (École du Personnel Navigant d'Essais et de Réception) France’s Test Pilot School.[14]

Graduation[edit]

  • The USAF TPS curriculum is designed to grant a Masters of Science in Flight Test Engineering at the end of the 48 week course (currently seeking approval from Department of Education). Students are required to take all of the 20 offered courses in order to graduate. This is a total of 50 credit hours for the 48 week course. Each of the 4 phases is broken down into 3 or 4 main lecture courses. Along with these courses there are allocated Laboratories or Simulator work and flights. To graduate from the USAF TPS, a student must be in good standing and satisfactorily complete all academic tests, oral and written reports, curriculum flying missions, and complete the comprehensive written and oral evaluations with an overall GPA ≥ 3.0 and in good standing.[15]
  • American Council of Education (ACE) accreditation has been in place since July 1974 (updated July 1998) to recommend selected coursework for transfer credit to other higher institutions.[16]
  • The National Advisory Committee on Institutional Quality and Integrity of the Department of Education (NACIQI – DOE) will be reviewing the USAF TPS program the first week of April 2007. The results from this board will be then taken to Congress where it will be determined if full graduate school accreditation status will be awarded to TPS. Once this is approved, USAF TPS hopes to grant the Master of Science in Flight Test Engineering (M.S.F.T.E.) to its graduates.[16]
  • At graduation, the Commandant presents the following[17]
    • Liethen-Tittle Award to the experimental test pilot graduate with the best overall record for outstanding performance and academic excellence.
    • R.L. Jones Award to the outstanding experimental test navigator or experimental flight test engineer graduate with the best overall record for outstanding performance and academic excellence.
    • Designates up to 10 percent of the graduates for each class as distinguished graduates.

Curriculum[edit]

  • There are two classes held a year, each 48 weeks each (aka long class). There are 3 tracks that students can apply for: Experimental Test Pilot (ETP), Flight Test Engineer (FTE), or Flight Test Navigator (FTN). The upper class is called the senior class, while the lower class are called the juniors, determined by what point they are at in their studies at TPS. The class size at TPS varies. Over the past few years there have been over 20 TPS students per class.[7]
  • 4 main subdisciplines taught by the USAF TPS Education Division:[18]
    • Performance
    • Flying Qualities
    • Systems
    • Test Management
  • TPS also offers short courses in the following areas[19]
    • Aerospace Vehicle Test Course
    • Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Flight Test Engineering
    • Electronic Warfare Flight Test Engineering
    • Test Management
    • Equations of Motion
    • Propulsion
    • Senior Executive Course
  • Organization of the class uses the following chain of command[20]
    • Commandant—TPS Commander
    • Deputy Commandant—TPS Deputy Commander
    • Class Leader— assigned by the front office based on seniority and academic curriculum to assist the student population
    • Students
  • Facilities include[21]
    • two fully functional Control Rooms
    • RADAR and Electro-Optics Labs
    • Variable-Stability In-Flight Simulator Test Aircraft or VISTA
    • student library
    • 100 airborne laboratories over the course of the academic year from Mig-15 to B-2

History[edit]

Early years[edit]

Packard-LePere Lusac 11 Biplane over McCook Field

Although the US military had been evaluating aircraft since Lt. Benny Foulois flew with Orville Wright in 1909, the designation of "test pilot" was not formally applied until a contingent of McCook Field pilots was assigned to a Testing Squadron at Wright Field during World War I.[22] Test pilot selection was a seemingly indiscriminate process yielding a mix of experienced pilots who had volunteered for the task, flight instructors who were simply assigned to the job, and the occasional officer fresh from flying school. One of the latter, Lt. Donald Putt, who would later rise to Lieutenant General, recalled:


Test pilot training was nearly as informal as the selection process with most material directed toward the aeronautical engineers who supervised the tests. Reports and texts of this time provided little guidance regarding how tests should be flown.[23] The best training for test pilots came from practical experience gained while flying as observers and hangar-talk tutorials from other pilots.[24] A test pilot was not expected to have a formal engineering background. He was simply to follow the instructions on the test card and fly the airplane appropriately.[2] Setting the standard to overcome this condition were test pilots such as Jimmy Doolittle. While at McCook Field, Doolittle served as a test pilot but was given leave to earn both master of science and doctoral degrees from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[25] Today, most test pilots have advanced degrees in engineering.[26]

Wright-Patterson AFB[edit]

Map of Wright Field in 1954

Inspired by the RAF's Empire Test Pilots' School, Colonel Ernest K. Warburton, chief of the Flight Test Section at Wright Field, set about changing the role and status of flight testing in the Army Air Forces. His goals for the flight test community were standardization and independence, which were later realized with the establishment of the Air Technical Command Flight Test Training unit on September 9, 1944[2] and the independent Flight Test Division in 1945. The AAF now had a formal program of study to train young pilots to become flight test professionals.[27] Under the command of Major Ralph C. Hoewing, the Flight Test Training Unit's curriculum included classroom sessions covering performance flight test theory and piloting techniques. The students then put theory into practice with performance evaluations on the AT-6 Texan trainer. Shortly after the first class graduated, the school was redesignated the Flight Section School Branch with an increased focus on academic theory. In 1945, the school moved to Vandalia Municipal Airport (now the Dayton International Airport), after which it was redesignated the Flight Performance School and placed under the command of Lt. Colonel R. Muehlberg who became the first to carry the title "Commandant". Under Muehlberg, the school increased its fleet with P-51s, B-17s and B-25s and expanded the curriculum to include a separate four-month stability and control course in addition to the existing performance course.[28] In 1946, the school was moved again to nearby Patterson Field and Colonel Albert Boyd was assigned as Chief of the Flight Test Division. Boyd profoundly influenced both the school and the character of its future AAF test pilots with his insistence on precision flying skills and discipline.[29] A 1946 graduate of the school, Major Bob Cardenas, later summarized Boyd's influence:


Headed west[edit]

Test Pilot School F-80

Frequent bad weather and increased air traffic congestion at Wright-Patterson often prevented students from completing their course work on time.[30] In addition, many military aircraft were now being built and tested by contractors on the west coast of the United States. For these and other reasons, Boyd initiated the transfer of all flight test operations, including the test pilot school, to Muroc Army Air Field in the desert of southern California.[2] The school continued operations at Patterson Field, and 1947 saw the first USAF class[31] and the first class to fly jets.[32] The Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star would provide jet performance training at the school until 1954.[29]

In 1949, the school was renamed the Air Material Command Experimental Test Pilot School, and Brigadier General-selectee Boyd assumed command of Muroc Air Force Base. Boyd selected Major John Amman, an instructor at the school, to come to Muroc and implement the details of the school's move west.[33] On December 8, 1949, Muroc was renamed Edwards Air Force Base in honor of Glen Edwards, TPS class 45, who was killed in the crash of the Northrop YB-49 Flying Wing.[34] Captain Edwards, who had recently earned a Master of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from Princeton, personified the new breed of test pilot of which Cardenas wrote—one who combined the talents of a highly skilled pilot with the technical expertise of an engineer.[35] Amman completed his work and on February 4, 1951 the school was officially transferred to Edwards Air Force Base. The enormous dry lake bed, extremely long runways, and clear weather would serve the USAF and the school well as aircraft performance continued to increase.[26]

Edwards AFB[edit]

Unofficial "Howland Owl" TPS logo from the early days at EAFB.[36]

The Test Pilot School was housed in a old weather-beaten wooden hanger along the flight line of what became known as South Base.[2] Although the quarters were spartan, the weather was superb with only two flying days lost due to weather in the first seven months of operation.[33] Taking advantage of the calm morning air, students started the day flying missions to collect test data. Afternoons were spent in the lecture hall and evenings devoted to reducing data from the day's flights.[33] Data reduction was dull and labor-intensive, requiring the student to transcribe information recorded on film or oscillograph paper and perform calculations by hand or slide rule. Once reduced, the data was woven into a report that summarized the test and the student's conclusions.[37] Some students were not prepared for the rigorous academics and had to be dropped from enrollment. This situation improved in 1953 when the school was moved out of Air Research and Development Command which allowed the selection boards to draw from a much larger, USAF-wide, pool of applicants rather than just the local test squadrons.[37]

Although changes to the curriculum could be made quickly, acquisition of aircraft for the school remained a perennial challenge for the school's staff.[2] The T-33 Shooting Star arrived in 1953 and became a staple for the students over the next 23 years.[37] Additional aircraft were added during the 1950's including the F-84 Thunderjet, F-86 Sabre, F-100 Super Sabre, B-57 Canberra, and F-102 Delta Dagger—the school's first delta-winged airplane.[38] In 1955, the school was renamed the U.S. Air Force Flight Test Pilot School, and a year later, moved into its present location on the Main Base facility.[2] This new building, built at a cost of $156,000 (USD), was the first and only structure designed specifically for the purposes of the school.[39]

TPS Building, Edwards AFB

In 1956, the school chose an official emblem, featuring a slide rule in front of the silhouette of a climbing jet, and a motto, Scientia est Virtus—Latin for "Knowledge is Power". The new logo emphasized the school's role in preparing students with both the technical theory and flying skills indispensable for evaluating modern aircraft.[39] The new logo also replaced the unofficial badge of Dr. Howland Owl, a character from the popular Pogo comic strip, that appeared on the noses of many school aircraft.

Between 1962 and 1975, the school expanded its role to include astronaut training for military test pilots. Thirty seven TPS graduates were selected for the U.S. space program, and twenty six earned astronaut's wings by flying in the X-15, Gemini, Apollo, and Space Shuttle programs.[40]

Personnel[edit]

Commandants[edit]

Main article: Commandants of the USAF Test Pilot School

The commanding officer of the USAF test pilot school is better known by the title of Commandant. Although not an official prerequisite for the position, most commandants are themselves graduates of the test pilot school.

  • Gallery of USAF TPS Commandants
  • Buzz Aldrin July 1971 – February 1972
    Buzz Aldrin
    July 1971 – February 1972
  • Gene Deatrick May 1967 – June 1968
    Gene Deatrick
    May 1967 – June 1968
  • Jim Doolittle, III April 1994 – August 1996
    Jim Doolittle, III
    April 1994 – August 1996
  • Chuck Yeager July 1962 – July 1966
    Chuck Yeager
    July 1962 – July 1966

Notable alumni[edit]

Main article: List of USAF Test Pilot School alumni

TPS has produced many notable alumni including astronauts, record-setting aviators, and senior Air Force leaders.

Traditions and student activities[edit]

  • Roof stomp
  • Graduation dinner
  • Distinguished alumnus
  • 100 days dinner party

References[edit]

  • "Air Force Officer Classification Directory (AFOCD)" (Document). HQ AFPC/DPPAC. 2007-07-31. {{cite document}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |version= (help); Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  • "Graduate Course Catalog and Student Handbook, 2007–08" (Document). USAF TPS Curriculum Standards Division. 2007-06-22. {{cite document}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |version= (help); Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  • "Air Force Instruction 48-123, Vol. 3" (Document). Secretary of the Air Force. 2006-06-05. {{cite document}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |version= (help); Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  • "Air Force Instruction 99-107, Test Pilot School" (Document). Secretary of the Air Force. 2002-09-23. {{cite document}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |version= (help); Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  • USAF Test Pilot School 50 Years and Beyond. Privately Published. 1994.
  • Carey, Christopher T. (2007). "'Howling Howland': A history of NASA F-104B Starfighter N819NA" (Document). {{cite document}}: Cite document requires |publisher= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |version= (help); Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  • Dengler, Dieter (1979). Escape from Laos. Presidio Press. ISBN 089141293X. ISBN 0-89141-076-7.
  • Eppley, Charles V. (March 1963). "History of the USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School 4 February 1951 – 12 October 1961" (Document). USAF. {{cite document}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |version= (help); Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  • Kutyna, Donald J. (1969). "The Aerospace Research Pilot School". The Air University Review. XXI (1). United States Air Force: 81–91. Retrieved 2008-08-29. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Lopez, Donald S. (1995). Fighter Pilot's Heaven: Flight Testing the Early Jets. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1560984570. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
  • Marrett, George J. (2008). Contrails Over the Mojave: The Golden Age of Jet Flight Testing at Edwards Air Force Base. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1591145110. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  • Young, James O. (1997). Meeting the Challenge of Supersonic Flight. Air Force Flight Test Center History Office. ASIN B0006QV0BQ. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
  • Young, James O. (2007). "Forging Aerospace Power for America" (Document). The U.S. Air Force Flight Test Center. {{cite document}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |version= (help); Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b USAF TPS Graduate Course Catalog. p. 9. Cite error: The named reference "TPSCat_p9" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School History". United States Air Force. Retrieved 2008-08-10. Cite error: The named reference "TPS_History" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  3. ^ "Edwards Air Force Base". United States Air Force. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
  4. ^ USAF Test Pilot School 50 Years and Beyond. p. 33.
  5. ^ USAF TPS Graduate Course Catalog. p. 10.
  6. ^ USAF Test Pilot School 50 Years and Beyond. p. 50.
  7. ^ a b c d e USAF TPS Graduate Course Catalog. p. 17. Cite error: The named reference "TPSCat_p17" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  8. ^ "412 Test Wing (AFMC)". United States Air Force. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
  9. ^ USAF TPS Graduate Course Catalog, p. 19.
  10. ^ a b USAF TPS Graduate Course Catalog, p. 20.
  11. ^ Air Force Instruction 99-107. p. 4.
  12. ^ ASI 48-123, Vol. 3, Attachment 4.
  13. ^ AFOCD, Quick Reference Guide, p. 273
  14. ^ USAF TPS Graduate Course Catalog, p. 18.
  15. ^ USAF TPS Graduate Course Catalog, p. 21.
  16. ^ a b USAF TPS Graduate Course Catalog, p. 37.
  17. ^ Air Force Instruction 99-107. p. 15.
  18. ^ USAF TPS Graduate Course Catalog, p. 24.
  19. ^ USAF TPS Graduate Course Catalog, p. 35-36.
  20. ^ USAF TPS Graduate Course Catalog, p. 14.
  21. ^ USAF TPS Graduate Course Catalog, p. 11.
  22. ^ USAF Test Pilot School 50 Years and Beyond, p. 11.
  23. ^ USAF Test Pilot School 50 Years and Beyond, p. 14.
  24. ^ USAF Test Pilot School 50 Years and Beyond, p. 15.
  25. ^ Wright from the Start, Ch 4, retrieved June 20, 2008.
  26. ^ a b Lopez, Fighter Pilot's Heaven, p.128.
  27. ^ USAF Test Pilot School 50 Years and Beyond, p. 28.
  28. ^ USAF Test Pilot School 50 Years and Beyond, p. 36.
  29. ^ a b c USAF Test Pilot School 50 Years and Beyond, p. 38.
  30. ^ USAF Test Pilot School 50 Years and Beyond, p. 40.
  31. ^ The USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on September 18, 1947.
  32. ^ Lopez, Fighter Pilot's Heaven, p.129.
  33. ^ a b c USAF Test Pilot School 50 Years and Beyond, p. 41.
  34. ^ Historic California Posts, California State Military Museum, retrieved June 21, 2008.
  35. ^ Glenn Edwards Bio, Air Force Link, retrieved June 29, 2008.
  36. ^ Carey, Howling Howland, p.11.
  37. ^ a b c USAF Test Pilot School 50 Years and Beyond, p. 42.
  38. ^ USAF Test Pilot School 50 Years and Beyond, p. 43.
  39. ^ a b USAF Test Pilot School 50 Years and Beyond, p. 45.
  40. ^ Young, Forging Aerospace Power for America, pgs. 3–4.

External links[edit]

Class web pages[edit]

Other links[edit]

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