User:Sarah fides/Kingdom of Greece

Kingdom of Greece (1832-1862)

Kingdom of Greece Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος
1832–1862
State flag (1858–1862) Coat of arms
Anthem: Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν "Hymn to Freedom"
The Kingdom of Greece in 1862
Capital	Nafplio (1832–1834) Athens (1834–1862)
Common languages	Greek (Katharevousa had official status, while Demotic was popular)
Religion	Eastern Orthodox Church
Demonym(s)	Greek
Government	Absolute monarchy (1832–1843) Parliamentary constitutional monarchy (1843–1862)
King
• 1832–1862	Otto
Prime Minister
• 1833 (first)	Spyridon Trikoupis
• 1862 (last)	Gennaios Kolokotronis
Legislature	None (1832–1843) Hellenic Parliament
Historical era	Late modern
• London Protocol	30 August 1832
• Constitution	3 September 1843
• Disestablished	23 October 1862
Area
1862	47,516 km2 (18,346 sq mi)
Population
• 1862	1,110,703
• Density	23.38/km2 (60.6/sq mi)
Currency	Greek drachma
Preceded by Succeeded by First Hellenic Republic Kingdom of Greece (1862-1924)
Today part of	Greece
^ The Hymn to Liberty was not officially adopted as the National Anthem of Greece until 1865. Prior to that, a modified version of God Save the King was adopted, with modified lyrics. ^ In the early years of the Kingdom, German was also used as the language of administration, for example in the government gazette.

This page is about the Kingdom of Greece under Otto of the House of Wittelsbach. For other uses, see Sarah fides/Kingdom of Greece (disambiguation).

The Kingdom of Greece was a country in southern Europe which, following the Greek War of Independence, was created by the France, Russia, and the United Kingdom, as a successor state to the First Hellenic Republic. In so doing, the Great Powers created the first independent nation-state in Europe to be carved out of an empire, and Otto, son of Ludwig I, of the King of Bavaria, became Greece's first King.

Otto's rule was despotic. His reign, beginning at the age of just 17, was characterised by a misalignment between his court's beliefs in the divine right of kings, versus the egalitarian principles which were the bedrock of the Greek War of Independence. Greece, having declared its independence as a revolutionary republic in 1822, was forced into an era of absolute monarchy; the Constitution of 1832 was ignored by Otto and his court. In its first 11 years of independence, Greece was ruled by a Bavarian oligarchy lead by Joseph Ludwig von Armansperg as Prime Minister and, later, by Otto himself, who held the title of both King and Premier. Throughout his reign Greece remained under the influence of its three protecting Great Powers, as well as Bavaria.

Despite the absolutism of Otto's reign, the early years proved instrumental in creating institutions which are still the bedrock of Greek administration and education. Important steps were taken in the creation of the education system, maritime and postal communications, effective civil administration and, most importantly, the legal code. Historical revisionism took the form of de-Byzantinification and de-Ottomanisation, in favour of promoting the country's Ancient Greek heritage. Religious reform also took place, and the Church of Greece was established as Greece's national church, although Otto remained a Catholic. 25 March, the day of Annunciation, was arbitrarily chosen as the anniversary of the Greek War of Independence in order to reinforce the link between Greek identity and Orthodoxy. Pavlos Karolidis calls the Bavarian efforts to create a modern state in Greece as "not only appropriate for the peoples' needs, but also based on excellent administrative principles of the era".

Multiple causes lead to the 1862 revolution that deposed Otto, including the Bavarian-dominated government, heavy taxation, and a failed attempt to annex Crete from the Ottoman Empire. The catalyst for the revolt was Otto's dismissal of Konstantinos Kanaris from the Premiership.

Demographics

In 1861 the largest cities in Greece were Athens (41,298), Ermoupolis (18,511), Patras (18,342), Argos (10,643), and Piraeus (6,452).

References

Bibliography

• Karolidis, Pavlos (1930), Moschopoulos, Th.Th. (ed.), "Από την τελευταία περίοδο του Αγώνα του 1821 μέχρι το 1881" [From the last period of the Struggle of 1821 until 1881], Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους στη Σημερινή Γλώσσα (in Greek), vol. 18, translated by Moschopoulos, P. (1993 ed.), Athens: Cactus Editions, pp. 43–158, ISBN 978-960-382-816-7

Kingdom of Greece (1862-1924)

Kingdom of Greece Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος
1862–1924
State flag Coat of arms
Motto:  Ἰσχύς μου ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ λαοῦ "The people's love, my strength" (Royal) Ἐλευθερία ἢ Θάνατος "Freedom or Death" (Traditional)
Anthem: Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν "Hymn to Freedom"
The Kingdom of Greece at its greatest extent, after the Treaty of Sèvres (1920).   Greece proper   Smyrna Zone
Capital	Athens
Common languages	Greek (Katharevousa had official status, while Demotic was popular)
Religion	Eastern Orthodox Church
Demonym(s)	Greek
Government	Parliamentary crowned republic
King
• 1863–1913	George I
• 1913–1917	Constantine I
• 1917–1920	Alexander
• 1920–1922	Constantine I
• 1920–1924	George II
Prime Minister
• 1863 (first)	Dimitrios Voulgaris
• 1924 (last)	Georgios Kafantaris
Legislature	Hellenic Parliament
Historical era	Late modern
• Regency	11 October 1862
• Established	25 October 1863
• Treaty of Sèvres	10 August 1920
• Treaty of Lausanne	24 July 1923
• Disestablished	12 March 1924
Area
1862	47,516 km2 (18,346 sq mi)
1920	150,833 km2 (58,237 sq mi)
1924	130,199 km2 (50,270 sq mi)
Population
• 1862	1,110,703
• 1924	5,923,000
• Density	45.49/km2 (117.8/sq mi)
Currency	Greek drachma
Preceded by Succeeded by Kingdom of Greece (1832-1862) United States of the Ionian Islands Principality of Samos Free State of Ikaria Cretan State Ottoman Empire Second Hellenic Republic Turkey Principality of Albania
Today part of	Greece Albania Turkey
^ The Statistical Compendium of 1931 includes East Thrace in Greece's total land area for 1920, but not the Zone of Smyrna, which was an occupied territory awaiting a referendum on whether or not it should join Greece.

This page is about the Kingdom of Greece from the reign of George I until the establishment of the Second Hellenic Republic. For other uses, see Sarah fides/Kingdom of Greece (disambiguation).

The history of the Kingdom of Greece between 1862 and 1924 is characterised by war, rapid territorial expansion (tripling in size between 1910 and 1920), a big population increase (rising five-fold between 1862 and 1924), and by major changes in the economy and civil administration. The start of this era begins with the accession of George I to the throne of Greece and ends with the abolition of the monarchy in 1924 and the establishment of the Second Hellenic Republic.

Bibliography

• Karolidis, Pavlos (1930), Moschopoulos, Th.Th. (ed.), "Από την τελευταία περίοδο του Αγώνα του 1821 μέχρι το 1881" [From the last period of the Struggle of 1821 until 1881], Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους στη Σημερινή Γλώσσα (in Greek), vol. 18, translated by Moschopoulos, P. (1993 ed.), Athens: Cactus Editions, pp. 158–216, ISBN 978-960-382-816-7

• Karolidis, Pavlos (1930), Moschopoulos, Th.Th. (ed.), "Από την ένωση της Θεσσαλίας και της Ηπείρου μέχρι τον Α΄ Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο" [From the Enosis of Thessaly and Epirus until World War 1], Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους στη Σημερινή Γλώσσα (in Greek), vol. 19, translated by Moschopoulos, P. (1993 ed.), Athens: Cactus Editions, ISBN 978-960-382-817-4

• Karolidis, Pavlos (1930), Moschopoulos, Th.Th. (ed.), "Από τον Α' Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο μέχρι το 1930" [From World War 1 to 1930], Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους στη Σημερινή Γλώσσα (in Greek), vol. 20, translated by Moschopoulos, P. (1993 ed.), Athens: Cactus Editions, pp. 17–294, ISBN 978-960-382-818-1

Kingdom of Greece (1935-1973)

Kingdom of Greece Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος
1935–1941 1945–1973
State flag Coat of arms
Motto:  Ἰσχύς μου ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ λαοῦ "The people's love, my strength" (Royal) Ἐλευθερία ἢ Θάνατος "Freedom or Death" (Traditional)
Anthem: Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν "Hymn to Freedom"
The Kingdom of Greece in 1973
Capital	Athens
Common languages	Greek (Katharevousa had official status, while Demotic was popular)
Religion	Eastern Orthodox Church
Demonym(s)	Greek
Government	Totalitarian dictatorship (1936–1941) Parliamentary crowned republic (1947–1967) Military dictatorship (1967–1973)
King
• 1935–1947	George II
• 1947–1964	Paul
• 1964–1973	Constantine II
Prime Minister
• 1935 (first)	Georgios Kondylis
• 1973 (last)	Georgios Papadopoulos
Legislature	Hellenic Parliament
Historical era	Late modern
• Established	10 October 1935
• Metaxas regime	4 August 1936
• Axis occupation	April 1941
• Liberation	October 1944
• Military junta	21 April 1967
• Disestablished	1 June 1973
Area
1935	130,199 km2 (50,270 sq mi)
1973	131,957 km2 (50,949 sq mi)
Population
• 1935	6,839,450
• 1973	8,929,086
Currency	Greek drachma
Preceded by Succeeded by Second Hellenic Republic Italian Islands of the Aegean Greek military junta of 1967–1974 Third Hellenic Republic
Today part of	Greece
^ Greece was occupied by the Axis powers between 1941 and 1945, and power was vested in an axis puppet state called the Hellenic State.

This page is about the Kingdom of Greece from its restoration in 1935 until its final abolition in 1973. For other uses, see Sarah fides/Kingdom of Greece (disambiguation).