User:Roc0ast3r/sandbox/1

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Each of the five borough presidents of New York City
From left to right: Vanessa Gibson of The Bronx, Antonio Reynoso of Brooklyn, Mark Levine of Manhattan, Donovan Richards of Queens, Vito Fossella of Staten Island

The borough president is an elected office in each of the five boroughs of New York City, directly elected to a four-year term via popular vote. Borough presidents advise the mayor of New York City, comment on land-use items in their borough, appoint officials and community board members, and serve ex officio as members of various boards and committees.

The Bronx[edit]

No. Image Name Term Party Election Notes
1 Louis F. Haffen
(1854–1935) 		January 1, 1898
–
August 29, 1909[a] 		Democratic 1897
1901
1903
1905
  • elected by popular votes to a four-year term, two two-year terms, and a four-year term[1][2][3][4]
  • removed by Governor Charles Evans Hughes for misconduct in office and neglect of duty[5]
2 John F. Murray
(1862–1928) 		August 29, 1909[b]
–
December 31, 1909 		Democratic —
  • became acting borough president upon Haffen's removal, then was elected interim borough president for the remainder of Haffen's term by a unanimous vote of the eight aldermen of the Bronx[6]
  • did not run for re-election[7]
3 Cyrus C. Miller
(1866–1956) 		January 1, 1910
–
December 31, 1913 		Democratic 1909
  • elected by popular vote to a four-year term[7]
  • retired and did not run for re-election in 1913[8]
4 Douglas Mathewson
(1870–1948) 		January 1, 1914
–
December 31, 1917 		Republican[c] 1913
  • elected by popular vote to a four-year term[9][10]
  • did not run for re-election in 1917 (ran for a City Court judge position instead, and won)[11]
5 Henry Bruckner
(1817–1942) 		January 1, 1918
–
December 31, 1933 		Democratic 1917
1921
1925
1929
6 James J. Lyons
(1890–1966) 		January 1, 1934
–
January 2, 1962 		Democratic 1933
1937
1941
1945
1949
1953
1957
7 Joseph F. Periconi
(1910–1994) 		January 2, 1962
–
December 28, 1965 		Republican[d] 1961
  • elected by popular vote to a four-year term[30][31]
  • lost re-election by popular vote to Badillo in 1966[32]
8 Herman Badillo
(1929–2014) 		December 28, 1965
–
December 31, 1969 		Democratic 1965
  • elected by popular vote to a four-year term[32][33]
  • did not run for re-election in 1969 (ran for mayor instead, and lost in the Democratic primary)[34][35]
9 Robert Abrams
(born 1938) 		January 1, 1970
–
December 31, 1978[e] 		Democratic 1969
1973
1977
Office vacant January 1–5, 1979
10 Stanley Simon
(born 1930) 		January 5, 1979[f]
–
March 11, 1987[g] 		Democratic 1981
1985
  • elected by a 5-1-1 vote of the members of the City Council from the Bronx[41]
  • elected by popular vote to two four-year terms[42][43]
  • resigned prior to being indicted in the Wedtech scandal[44]
— Cecil P. Joseph March 11, 1987[h]
–
April 15, 1987 		Democratic —
  • became acting borough president upon Simon's resignation[45]
11 Fernando Ferrer
(born 1950) 		April 15, 1987
–
December 31, 2001[i] 		Democratic 1989
1993
1997
  • elected by a 5-to-1 vote of the City Council members from the Bronx to replace Simon[46][47]
  • elected by popular vote to four four-year terms[48][49][50]
  • ineligible to run for re-election in 2001 because of term limits[51]
12 Adolfo Carrión Jr.
(born 1961) 		January 1, 2002
–
February 19, 2009[j] 		Democratic 2001
2005
— Earl D. Brown February 19, 2009[k]
–
May 21, 2009 		Democratic —
  • became acting borough president upon Carrión's resignation[54]
13 Rubén Díaz Jr.
(born 1973) 		May 21, 2009
–
December 31, 2021[i] 		Democratic 2009
2013
2017
  • elected by popular vote in a special election to replace Carrion[55][56]
  • re-elected by popular vote to three four-year terms[57][58][59]
  • ineligible to run for re-election in 2021 because of term limits, retired from politics[60]
14 Vanessa Gibson
(born 1979) 		January 1, 2022
–
Incumbent 		Democratic 2021
  • elected by popular vote to a four-year term[61]

Brooklyn[edit]

No. Image Name Term Party Election

Manhattan[edit]

No. Image Name Term Party Election[l] Notes
1 Augustus W. Peters
(1844–1898)
[62] 		January 1, 1898[63]
–
December 29, 1898[64][m] 		Democratic 1897
  • elected by popular vote to a four-year term[1]
  • died in office[65]
Office vacant December 29, 1898 – January 5, 1899
2 James J. Coogan
(1846–1915)
 January 5, 1899
–
December 31, 1901 		Democratic —
  • elected unanimously on January 5, 1899 by the Manhattan councilmen and aldermen after Peters' death[66]
  • did not run for re-election
3 Jacob A. Cantor
(1854–1921)
 January 1, 1902
–
December 31, 1903 		Fusion[n] 1901
  • elected by popular vote to a two-year term[2][67]
  • did not run for re-election
4 John F. Ahearn
(1853–1920) 		January 1, 1904
–
December 29, 1909[o] 		Democratic 1903
1905
  • elected by popular vote to two two-year terms[3][4][68]
  • removed by Governor Charles Evans Hughes for failure to perform his duties,[69] but was re-elected as his own replacement by a 24-12 vote of the Manhattan aldermen[70] and managed to stay in office by legal challenges until the Court of Appeals ruled against him near the end of his term[71][72]
5 John Cloughen
(1849–1911) 		December 30, 1909[p]
–
December 31, 1909 		Democratic —
  • acted in place of Ahearn for much of December[73][74]
  • elected unanimously as a replacement on the eighth ballot by the aldermen from Manhattan[75]
6 George McAneny
(1869–1953) 		January 1, 1910
–
December 31, 1913 		Fusion[q] 1909
  • elected by popular vote to a four-year term[7]
  • did not run for re-election[9][76]
7 Marcus M. Marks
(1858–1934) 		January 1, 1914
–
December 31, 1917 		Republican 1913
  • elected by popular vote to a four-year term[9][76]
  • did not run for re-election
8 Frank L. Dowling
(c. 1865–1919) 		January 1, 1918
–
September 27, 1919[r] 		Democratic 1917
  • elected by popular vote to a four-year term[12]
  • died in office[77]
— Michael F. Loughman
(1866–1937) 		September 27, 1919[s]
–
October 16, 1919 		Democratic —
  • became acting borough president upon Dowling's death[78]
9 Edward F. Boyle
(c. 1876–1943) 		October 16, 1919[t]
–
November 17, 1919[u] 		Democratic —
  • elected interim borough president by the alderman of Manhattan to serve the remainder of the year[79]
  • resigned to become chairman of the New York State Industrial Commission[80]
— Michael F. Loughman
(1866–1937) 		November 17, 1919[v]
–
December 31, 1919 		Democratic —
  • became acting borough president again upon Boyle's resignation[81]
10 Henry H. Curran
(1877–1966) 		January 1, 1920[w]
–
December 31, 1921 		Republican —
  • elected by popular vote for the remainder of Dowling's term[82][83]
11 Julius Miller
(1880–1955) 		January 1, 1922
–
December 31, 1930[x] 		Democratic 1921
1925
1929
  • elected by popular vote to three four-year terms[14][15][16][17][18][84]
  • resigned after winning election as a justice of New York Supreme Court[85]
Office vacant January 1–16, 1931
12 Samuel Levy January 16, 1931[y]
–
December 31, 1937 		Democratic 1933
  • elected interim borough president for the remainder of the year by a 20-3 vote of the aldermen of Manhattan[86]
  • elected by popular vote to a four-year term[20]
  • did not run for re-election in 1937 (ran for president of the City Council instead, and lost in both the Democratic and Republican primaries)[87]
13 Stanley M. Isaacs
(1882–1962) 		January 1, 1938
–
December 31, 1941 		Republican 1937
  • elected by popular vote to a four-year term[22][88]
  • denied renomination on the Republican ticket in 1942 by the party committee (ran for election to the City Council on the Fusion and Citizen's Non-Partisan lines instead, and won)[89][90][91]
14 Edgar J. Nathan
(1891–1965) 		January 1, 1942
–
December 31, 1945 		Republican 1941
  • elected by popular vote to a four-year term[23][92][93]
  • lost popular vote for re-election in 1945[24]
15 Hugo E. Rogers
(1899–1974) 		January 1, 1946
–
December 31, 1949 		Democratic 1945
  • elected by popular vote to a four-year term[24][25]
  • did not seek renomination in 1949[94]
16 Robert F. Wagner
(1910–1991) 		January 1, 1950
–
December 31, 1953 		Democratic 1949
  • elected by popular vote to a four-year term[26]
  • did not run for re-election in 1953 (ran for mayor instead, and won)[citation needed]
17 Hulan Jack
(1906–1986) 		January 1, 1954
–
January 13, 1960[z] 		Democratic 1953
1957
  • elected by popular vote to two four-year terms[27][28]
  • suspended himself from office upon being indicted for conspiracy to obstruct justice and violations of the New York City charter[95]
  • resumed office after dismissal of the indictment on technical grounds[96]
  • suspended himself a second time upon reinstatement of his indictment[97]
  • removed from office upon sentencing for criminal convictions[98]
— Louis A. Cioffi January 13, 1960[aa]
–
March 15, 1960 		Democratic —
  • became acting borough president upon Jack's self-suspension upon his indictment[95][96]
  • became acting borough president again upon Jack's second self-suspension after reinstatement of his indictment[97]
18 Hulan Jack
(1906–1986) 		March 15, 1960[ab]
–
April 22, 1960[ac] 		Democratic —
— Louis A. Cioffi April 22, 1960[ad]
–
January 31, 1961 		Democratic —
19 Edward R. Dudley
(1911–2005) 		January 31, 1961
–
January 4, 1965[ae] 		Democratic 1961
  • elected interim borough president for the remainder of Jack's term by a 4-2 vote of the six members of the City Council from Manhattan[99]
  • elected by popular vote to a four-year term[30]
  • resigned to take the seat as a justice of the New York State Supreme Court that he had won in the November 1964 election[100][101]
— Earl Louis Brown
(1903–1980) 		January 4, 1965
–
February 24, 1965 		Democratic —
20 Constance Baker Motley
(1921–2005) 		February 24, 1965
–
September 8, 1966[af] 		Democratic 1965
  • elected interim borough president for the remainder of Dudley's term by a 5-3 vote of the members of the City Council from Manhattan[102]
  • elected by popular vote to a four-year term[103]
  • appointed as a federal judge[104][105]
— Leonard N. Cohen September 8, 1966[ag]
–
September 13, 1966 		Democratic —
  • became acting borough president upon Motley's resignation[105]
21 Percy Sutton
(1920–2009) 		September 13, 1966
–
December 31, 1977 		Democratic —
  • elected by the City Council members of Manhattan to replace Motley for the remainder of the year[106]
  • elected by popular vote to the remainder of Motley's term[107]
  • elected by popular vote to two four-year terms[35][37]
  • did not run for re-election (ran for mayor instead, and was defeated in the Democratic primary election)[38]
22 Andrew Stein
(born 1945) 		January 1, 1978
–
December 31, 1985 		Democratic 1977
1981
  • elected by popular vote to two four-year terms[38][39][42]
  • did not run for re-election (ran for City Council President instead, and won)[citation needed]
23 David Dinkins
(1927–2020) 		January 1, 1986
–
December 31, 1989 		Democratic 1985
  • elected by popular vote to a four-year term[43]
  • did not run for re-election (ran for mayor instead, and won)[108]
24 Ruth Messinger
(born 1940) 		January 1, 1990
–
December 31, 1997 		Democratic 1989
1993
  • elected by popular vote to two four-year terms[48][49]
  • did not run for re-election (ran for mayor instead, and lost in the general election)[citation needed]
25 C. Virginia Fields
(born 1945) 		January 1, 1998
–
December 31, 2005 		Democratic 1997
2001 		* elected by popular vote two four-year terms[50][51]
  • did not run for re-election (ran for mayor instead, and lost in the Democratic primary election)[citation needed]
26 Scott Stringer
(born 1960) 		January 1, 2006
–
December 31, 2013 		Democratic 2005
2009
  • elected by popular vote to two four-year terms[52][109]
  • did not run for re-election (ran for comptroller instead, and won)
27 Gale Brewer
(born 1951) 		January 1, 2014
–
December 31, 2021 		Democratic 2013
2017
  • elected by popular vote to two four-year terms[110][111]
  • ineligible to run for re-election in 2021 because of term limits[112]
28 Mark Levine
(born 1969) 		January 1, 2022
–
Incumbent 		Democratic 2021
  • elected by popular vote to a four-year term[61]

Queens[edit]

No. Image Name Term Party Election

Staten Island[edit]

No. Image Name Term Party Election Notes
1 George Cromwell
(1860–1934) 		May 24, 1898[ah]
–
December 31, 1913 		Republican 1897
1901
1903
1905
1909
  • elected by popular vote to a four-year term but not sworn into office until May because the election results were disputed and appealed[2][4][7][113][114]
  • re-elected two two-year terms and two four-year terms[3]
2 Charles J. McCormack
(1865–1915) 		January 1, 1914
–
July 11, 1915[ai] 		Democratic 1913
  • elected by popular vote to a four-year term[9]
  • died in office[115]
— Spire Pitou Jr.
(c. 1874–1946) 		July 11, 1915
–
July 29, 1915 		Democratic —
  • became acting borough president upon McCormack's death[116]
3 Calvid D. Van Name
(1857–1924) 		July 29, 1915
–
December 31, 1921 		Democratic 1917
  • elected by the three aldermen from Staten Island to serve the remainder of McCormack's term[117]
  • re-elected by popular vote to a four-year term[12]
  • did not run for re-election[118]
4 Matthew J. Cahill
(1869–1922) 		January 1, 1922
–
July 14, 1922 		Democratic 1921
  • elected by popular vote to a four-year term[14][15]
  • died in office[119]
5 John A. Lynch
(c. 1883–1954) 		July 18, 1922
–
December 31, 1933 		Democratic 1925
1929
  • elected interim borough president for the remainder of the year by a unanimous vote of the three aldermen of Staten Island[120]
  • elected by popular vote to serve the remainder of Cahill's term[121]
  • elected by popular vote to two four-year terms[16][17][18]
  • denied a slot on the Democratic ballot by Tammany Hall,[122] ran as an independent,[123][124] but came in second place[20]
6 Joseph A. Palma
(1889–1969) 		January 1, 1934
–
December 31, 1945 		Republican 1933
1937
1941
  • elected by popular vote to three four-year terms[20][125][22][23]
  • declined to run for re-election in 1945[126]
7 Cornelius A. Hall
(1889–1953) 		January 1, 1946
–
February 12, 1953 		Democratic 1945
1949
  • elected by popular vote to two four-year terms[24][25][26]
  • retired due to illness,[127] died less than a month later[128]
— Thomas F. Reilly February 12, 1953
–
February 20, 1953 		Democratic —
  • became acting borough president upon Hall's resignation[127]
8 Edward G. Baker
(1906–1971) 		February 20, 1953
–
December 31, 1954 		Democratic —
  • elected by a 2-1 vote, with Mayor Vincent Impellitteri breaking the tie vote between the two City Council members from Staten Island[129]
  • re-elected by popular vote to a four-year term[27]
  • resigned after winning a seat as a justice of the New York State Supreme Court in the November 1954 election[130]
9 Albert V. Maniscalco
(1908–1998) 		December 31, 1954
–
December 31, 1965 		Democratic 1953
1957
1961
  • elected interim borough president to replace Baker for one year, until December 31, 1955, by a 2-0 vote of the City Council members from Staten Island[131]
  • elected by popular vote for the remainder of Baker's term[132]
  • elected by popular vote to two four-year terms[28][30]
  • lost re-election by popular vote to Connor in 1965[103]
10 Robert T. Conner
(1919–2009) 		January 1, 1966
–
June 10, 1977 		Republican 1965
1969
1973 		* elected by popular vote to three four-year terms[103][35][37]
  • resigned to become a deputy assistant to the Secretary of the Navy[133]
11 Anthony R. Gaeta
(1927–1988) 		June 10, 1977
–
November 10, 1984 		Democratic 1981
1985
  • elected by a 2-2 vote of the four members of the City Council from Staten Island, with Mayor Abraham Beame needed to break the tie[133]
  • elected by popular vote to two four-year terms[38][39][42]
  • retired during his second term[134]
12 Ralph J. Lamberti
((born 1934)) 		November 10, 1984
–
December 31, 1989 		Democratic 1985
  • elected by the two members of the City Council from Staten Island to replace Gaeta, who retired[135]
  • elected by popular vote to a four-year term[43]
  • ran for re-election but lost to Guy Molinari[48]
13 Guy Molinari
(1928–2018) 		January 1, 1990
–
December 31, 2001 		Republican 1989
1993
1997
  • elected by popular vote to three four-year terms[48][50]
  • ineligible to run for re-election in 2001 because of term limits[51]
14 James Molinaro
(born 1931) 		January 1, 2012
–
December 31, 2013 		Conservative 2001
2005
2009
  • elected by popular vote to three four-year terms[52][136]
  • ineligible to run for re-election in 2013 because of term limits[51]
15 James Oddo
(born 1966) 		January 1, 2014
–
December 31, 2021 		Republican 2013
2017
  • elected by popular vote to two four-year terms[137][138]
  • ineligible to run for re-election in 2021 because of term limits[139][51]
16 Vito Fossella
(born 1965) 		January 1, 2022
–
Incumbent 		Republican 2021
  • elected by popular vote to a four-year term[61]


Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Removed by governor Charles Evan Hughes for misconduct in office and neglect of duty.
  2. ^ Became acting borough president upon the removal of Haffen, later elected interim president.[when?]
  3. ^ Elected on a fusion ticket.
  4. ^ Periconi was also the nominee for the Liberal and Brotherhood Parties.
  5. ^ Resigned to become the New York Attorney General, which he had won in the November 1979 election.
  6. ^ Elected by a 5-1-1 vote of the members of the City Council from the Bronx to replace Abrams.
  7. ^ Resigned prior to being indicted in the Wedtech scandal.
  8. ^ Became acting borough president upon the resignation of Simon.
  9. ^ a b Ineligible to run for re-election due to term limits.
  10. ^ Resigned to become director of the White House Office of Urban Affairs.
  11. ^ Became acting borough president upon the resignation of Carrión.
  12. ^ Does not include special elections.
  13. ^ Died in office[64]
  14. ^ Nominated by the anti-Tammany Hall Democrats, Republicans and the Citizens Union
  15. ^ Ahearn was removed from office by governor Charles Evan Hughes for "[failing] to perform his duty." After his replacement, Ahearn was re-elected as his own replacement by a 24-12 vote and stayed in office until the Court of Appeals ruled against him and deemed the re-election illegal.
  16. ^ Elected on the eighth ballet to replace Ahearn.
  17. ^ McAneny was a member of the Democratic Party.
  18. ^ Died in office
  19. ^ Michael F. Loughman became the acting borough president upon the death of Frank L. Dowling.
  20. ^ Elected interim president to serve for the remainder of 1919.
  21. ^ Resigned to become chairman of the New York State Industrial Commission.
  22. ^ Michael F. Loughman became the acting borough president upon the resignation of Edward F. Boyle.
  23. ^ Elected by popular vote to serve for the remainder of Boyle's term.
  24. ^ Resigned after winning election as a justice of the New York Supreme Court.
  25. ^ Elected as interim borough president. Later re-elected to a full term.
  26. ^ Suspended himself from office upon being indicted for conspiracy to obstruct justice and violations of the New York City charter.
  27. ^ Became acting borough president upon the suspension of Hulan Jack.
  28. ^ Resumed office after being dismissed from the indictment on technical grounds.
  29. ^ Suspended himself for a second time upon the reinstatement of his indictment. Later removed from the office upon his sentencing for criminal convictions.
  30. ^ Became acting borough president upon the second suspension of Hulan Jack.
  31. ^ Resigned after winning election as a justice of the New York Supreme Court.
  32. ^ Resigned
  33. ^ Became acting borough president upon the resignation of Constance Baker Motley.
  34. ^ Cromwell was not sworn in until May due to the election results being challenged.
  35. ^ Died in office

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Democrats Take All — The Tammany Ticket Makes Almost a Clean Sweep of the Greater City — Only Two Republicans in the Council — Van Wyck's Plurality Is 80,316 — Seth Low Ran Nearly 40,000 Ahead of His Ticket — The Republicans Lose 21 Assemblymen and Elect Only 11 Candidates to the Board of Aldermen". The New York Times. November 4, 1897. p. 1. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
  2. ^ a b c "Victory For The Fusion Ticket — Seth Low Elected Mayor by About 33,000 Plurality — Jerome Defeats Unger — Fusion Borough Presidents Chosen in Three Boroughs — Van Wyck Left Far Behind — Contest Close for Sheriff in This County — Jerome Wins by About 15,000 — Fusion Justices Win — Democrats Carry Only Queens and Bronx". The New York Times. November 6, 1901. p. 1. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
  3. ^ a b c "M'Clellan — Carries the City by Over 61,000 Plurality — Tammany Controls Boards of Estimate and Aldermen — Littleton Loses in Brooklyn — Devery Gets About 3,000 Votes". The New York Times. November 1903. p. 1. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
  4. ^ a b c "Ahearn and Haffen Won — The Only Two Borough President Tammany Elected — Cassidy Beaten". The New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
  5. ^ "Gov. Hughes Ousts President Haffen — His Interest in Building of Road and Hunt's Point Land Sale the Chief Reasons — Unlikely to be Re-Elected — Tammany Men Believe That Haffen's Political Career Is Ended — Long Leader In the Bronx". The New York Times. August 30, 1909. p. 1. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
  6. ^ "Haffen Compels Murray's Selection — Scores a Big Point in Fight to Retain His Grip on Bronx Politics — May Mean Renomination — Aldermen Vote Unanimously for Haffen's Public Works Commissioner to Succeed His Chief". The New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
  7. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference Nov1909 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ "Dinner to Cyrus C. Miller". The New York Times. December 3, 1913. p. 15. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
  9. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference Nov1913b was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ "Give Godspeed to Bronx County — Officials Felicitated at Elaborate Exercises in the New Court House — Bronx Officials Take Oath — Borough President Mathewson Congratulated by His Predecessor". The New York Times. January 2, 1916. p. 16. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  11. ^ "Mitchel Leads Bennett in Close Race for Nomination by the Republicans — Ahead by 1,700 in Latest Returns — Winners in Yesterday's Primaries". The New York Times. September 20, 1917. p. 1. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
  12. ^ a b c "A Tammany Sweep — Hylan Can Get Every Vote in the Board of Estimate — Carries Every Borough — His Vote Is 293,382, Mitchel's 148,060, and Hillquit's 138,793 — Lewis, Attorney General — Beaten in This City, but Had a Big Plurality Up-State — Hylan Promises Loyalty". The New York Times. November 7, 1917. p. 1. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
  13. ^ "Inaugurals to be Simple — Craig and Bruckner Expect to Take Office with Small Ceremony". The New York Times. December 30, 1917. p. 7. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  14. ^ a b c "Borough Presidents". The New York Times. November 9, 1921. p. 2. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
  15. ^ a b c "The City Vote — Hylan's Plurality 417,986 — Craig's 249,252 — Banton's 83,680". The New York Times. November 10, 1921. p. 4. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
  16. ^ a b c "Supreme Court Justices, District Attorneys, City Court Justice, Kings Surrogate — Officials Elected". The New York Times. November 4, 1925. p. 3. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
  17. ^ a b c "Final Returns Add to Tammany Sweep — All but Three of 63 Candidates for Aldermen, and 56 for Assembly Are Elected — Walker Wins by 401,581 — Banton's Plurality 105,421 — Wigwam Captures 10th District — Connolly Issues Statement". The New York Times. November 5, 1925. p. 2. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
  18. ^ a b c "Controller, Aldermanic President and Borough Presidents Elected". The New York Times. November 6, 1929. p. 2. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
  19. ^ "1,000 Honor Bruckner — Retiring President of Bronx Borough Praised at Dinner". The New York Times. December 1933. p. 3. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
  20. ^ a b c d Hagerty, James A. (November 8, 1933). "M'Kee Runs Second — Loses Even Bronx Smashing Blow To Farley — LaGuardia by 254,506 — Carries Every Borough, Sweeping in His Chief Running-Mates — Tammany Forces Routed — O'Brien Loses Manhattan by 5,895 — Levy Victor, Dodge Wins, Prial Loses — Pecora, Straus Defeated — Fusion Victory is First in 20 Years — Vote Cast is Biggest in City Election". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
  21. ^ "Lyons Takes Office Without a Ceremony — Bronx Borough Head Swears in Staff and Goes to Work on CWA Problems at Once". The New York Times. January 2, 1934. p. 3. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
  22. ^ a b c Hagerty, James A. (November 3, 1937). "Dewey Lead 108,823 — Ingersoll, Harvey, Lyons, Isaacs and Palma Are Victorious — Justice Levy Wins — Strong Tammany Chiefs Lose Districts — Foley is Re-Elected". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
  23. ^ a b c "Harvey's Reign Ended by Burke — Queens Head Held Office for 13 Years — Lyons, Nathan, Palma, Cashmore Win". The New York Times. November 5, 1941. p. 1. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
  24. ^ a b c d Hagerty, James A. (November 7, 1945). "Record Plurality — Margin Totals 685,175 — McGoldrick Out but Runs Ahead of Ticket — Blow to Dewey Seen — Beldock Defeated by Big Margin — Lynch Loses to Hall in Richmond". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
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Works cited[edit]

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