User:Rhoffing/sandbox
The nigrostriatal pathway, or the nigrostriatal bundle (NSB), is a dopaminergic pathway that connects the substantia nigra with the dorsal striatum to control the production of movement. Depletion of neurons in this pathway lead to the symptomatic motor deficits of Parkinson's disease including tremors, rigidity, and postural imbalance. It is also partially involved in reward, learning, and memory.
Anatomy[edit]
The following are considered part of the nigrostriatal pathway.
Substantia Nigra[edit]
The substantia nigra is located in the midbrain. It has two distinct parts, the pars compacta and the pars reticulata. The pars compacta part of the nigrostriatal pathway and relays information to the basal ganglia by supplying dopamine to the striatum. The pars reticulata in conjunction with the Globus pallidus in the basal allows for inhibition of the thalamus.
Dorsal Striatum[edit]
The dorsal striatum is located in the subcortical region of the forebrain. It is divided by a white matter tract called the internal capsule into two parts: the putamen and the caudate nucleus. The putamen and caudate both input information from the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and substantia nigra.
Mechanism of Action[edit]
The nigrostriatal pathway connects the substantia nigra with the dorsal striatum. It is one of the four major dopamine pathways in the brain, and is particularly involved in modulation of the extrapyramidal system. Dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway synapse onto GABAergic neurons in the basal ganglia.[1] and in part make up the basal ganglia motor loop. Along with the other dopaminergic pathways, it is also partially involved in reward and in the reinforcement of memory consolidation.[2]
The nigrostriatal influences two other pathways, the direct pathway of movement and the indirect pathway of movement.
Direct Pathway of Movement[edit]
The direct pathway is involved in facilitation of wanted movements. The projections of the caudate, putamen, internal segment of the globus pallidus, and the substantia nigra pars compacta create an excitatory effect on the thalamus by decreasing the GABA released by the striatum. This inhibitory effect decreases inhibitory projections from the thalamus, creating an overall net excitatory effect.
Indirect Pathway of Movement[edit]
The indirect pathway is involved in preventing unwanted movement. The projections of the the caudate, putamen, external segment of the globus pallidus, and substantia nigra pars reticula create an inhibitory effect on the thalamus through the release of GABA. This inhibitory effect decreases the excitatory projections from the thalamus, creating an overall net inhibitory effect on movement.
Parkinson's Disease[edit]
Parkinson's disease is characterized by severe motor problems, mainly hypokinsia, rigidity, tremors, and postural imbalance.[3] Loss of dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway is one of the main pathological features of Parkinson's disease. [4] Degeneration of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the putamen-caudate complex leads to diminished concentrations of dopamine in the nigrostriatal pathway, leading to reduced function and the characteristic symptoms.[5] The symptoms of the disease typically do not show themselves until 80-90% of dopamine function has been lost.
Levodopa-induced Dyskinesia[edit]
Levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LID) is a complication associated with long term use of the Parkinson's treatment L-DOPA characterized by involuntary movement and muscle contractions. This disorder occurs in up to 90% of patients after 9 years of treatment. The use of L-DOPA in patients can lead to interruption of nigrostriatal dopamine projections as well as changes in the post-synaptic neurons in the basal ganglia.[6]
Other Dopaminergic Pathways[edit]
Other major dopamine pathways include:
References
- ^ Trisch, NX (October 2012). "Dopaminergic neurons inhibit striatal output through non-canonical release of GABA". Nature. 290 (7491). doi:10.1038/nature11466. PMID 23034651.
- ^ Wise, RA (October 2009). "Roles for nigrostriatal--not just mesocorticolimbic--dopamine in reward and addiction". Trends Neuroscience. 32 (10): 517–524. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2009.06.004. PMID 19758714.
- ^ Cenci, Angela M. "Post- versus presynaptic plastic ity in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia". Journal of Neurochemistry. 99 (2): 381–92. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04124.x. PMID 16942598.
- ^ Deumens, Ronald (21 June 2002). "Modeling Parkinson's Disease in Rats: An Evaluation of 6-OHDA Lesions of the Nigrostriatal Pathway". Experimental Neurology. 175 (2). doi:10.1006/exnr.2002.7891. PMID 12061862.
- ^ Groger, Adraine (8 January 2014). "Dopamine Reduction in the Substantia Nigra of Parkinson's Disease Patients Confirmed by In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging". PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084081.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Niethammer, Martin (May 2012). "Functional Neuroimaging in Parkinson's Disease". Cold Spring Harbors Perspect in Medicin. 2 (5). doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a009274. PMID 22553499.