User:Red Rose 13/Pavol Hnilica

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The Most Reverend

Pavol Mária Hnilica

S.J.
Titular Bishop of Rusadir
ChurchCatholic Church
DioceseRusadir
Installed13 May 1964
Term ended8 October 2006
PredecessorJoseph Howard Hodges
SuccessorPascal Wintzer
Orders
Ordination29 September 1950
by Robert Pobožný
Consecration2 January 1951
by Robert Pobožný
Personal details
Born(1921-03-30)30 March 1921
Uňatín, Czechoslovakia
Died8 October 2006(2006-10-08) (aged 85)
Nové Hrady, Czech Republic
NationalitySlovak
DenominationCatholic

Pavol Mária Hnilica, S.J. (30 March 1921 – 8 October 2006) was a Slovak prelate of the Catholic Church who served as a titular bishop of Rusadir from 1964 until his death in 2006.

Born in Uňatín in present-day Slovakia, Hnilica became a Jesuit priest in 1950, and in 1951 was secretly ordained a bishop during the communist rule in Czechoslovakia. In 1951 he fled the country and settled in Rome, where in 1964 he was appointed the titular bishop of Rusadir. From Rome, he led the Pia Unione Pro Fratribus organisation, later known as Family of Mary. The organisation offered religious support to Catholics in Eastern Europe under Soviet control.

Hnilica was part of a network of Marian apparitions around the world. His organization was especially active around the promotion of the cult of the Lady of All Nations in the Netherlands. Presently Bishop Hendriks explains that the title ‘Lady of All Nations’ is “in itself theologically admissible” which includes praying with the Madonna but it is not to be understood as a recognition of the supernatural nature of the phenomena.

David Yallop opinion is that Hnilica was involved in money laundering in Medjugorje, where six seers claim from 1981 to have visions of the Madonna. After the Bosnian War disrupted his activity in Medjugorje, Hnilica turned to the United States, where he tried to create a similar Marian cult in Denver, an unsuccessful endeavour shut down by the local bishop. A supporter of the Medjugorje apparitions, Hnilica also became active supporting marian apparitions. He claimed to have been the Pope's personal delegate and that the Pope privately supports the apparitions. The local diocese, as well as the Vatican, declared the claims to be false.

In 1992, Hnilica tried to retrieve stolen documents from Roberto Calvi regarding the collapse of the Banco Amrosiano of which the Vatican Bank was a partial owner. Flavio Carboni, an associate of Calvi, promised to clear the Vatican Bank of any wrongdoing. Initially Carboni & Hnilica were found guilty but the verdict was annulled for procedural reasons. In the second trial Hnilica was acquitted because the court found that he acted under duress.

Biography[edit]

Hnilica was born in 1921 in Uňatín, Czechoslovakia in the Archdiocese of Travni.[1] Hnilica began his theological studies in Slovakia and during this time, the communists, who took control of the government after World War II, shut down the religious orders from April 14-15 1950.[2][1] They transported the "priests, monks, nuns and students from orders throughout Slovakia" to monasteries that had been turned into concentration camps.[3] During his internment in a concentration camp in communist Slovakia, he was forced to continue his theological studies in secret.[3] On 29 September 1950 he was secretly ordained as a priest and was secretly consecrated as a bishop three months later on 2 January 1951.[3]

He, along with Ján Chryzostom Korec, was released early for health reasons. In October 1950 he helped Korec become secretly ordained as a priest by a Slovak bishop who had not been arrested.[3][2] Korec was then able to "secretly train and ordain men for the priesthood who could not study at the theological seminary."[3] In July 1951, the communists issued a warrant for Hnilica's arrest, so he started making plans to leave the country. The authorities discovered he was working as a clandestine bishop.[1][3] On 24 August 1951, Bishop Hnilica secretly consecrated Korec as bishop before he left the country, by jumping in the Danube river swimming to freedom in the West.[1][2]

On 13 May 1964 Pope Paul VI appointed Hnilica as the titular bishop of Rusadir.[4] In 1968, at the request from the Pope Paul VI, he founded the Pia Unione Pro Fratribus, now known as the Family of Mary. The organization is dedicated to providing material and spiritual help to the churches of Eastern Europe persecuted by the communists. From this organization a couple of religious orders blossomed forth.[5]

"Persecuted by the Czech communist regime, Hnilica was forced to live in exile in Rome. He was close to John Paul II, a fellow Slav and to Sister Lucia of Fatima and Saint Mother Teresa as well."[6] John Paul II never doubted Hnilica and his work. In fact the two men had a close friendship for many years.[7] "Hnilica was even accorded the rare privilege of concelebrating mass with the Holy Father in the Papal chapel."[7] He recounted afterwards how they breakfasted together.[7]

I said unto him. "Holy Father, only you have a bigger diocese. It comprises the whole world. Mine comes right after that size. Peking-Moscow-Berlin." The Pope said, "This is your mission field. Find yourself the best Christians as Missionaries!"

Marian Apparitions[edit]

Our Lady of Fatima[edit]

On March 25, 1984 Pope John Paul II endeavored to completely accomplish what Our Lady of Fatima had requested seven decades earlier in 1917. She asked that Russia be consecrated to her Immaculate Heart to be done in "full communion and coordination with the world's bishops." According to Sister Lucia, the seer of Fatima, the previous attempts were incomplete. On December 8, 1983 on the Feast of the Annunciation John Paul II sent out a letter four months ahead of the planned date of March 25, 1984 to all the bishops worldwide. The site of the consecration was to be at Saint Peters Square in front a statue of Our Lady of Fatima brought from Fatima, Portugal. Bishops around the world were to say the consecration prayer in their home parish at the same time. This also extended to the Kremlin but there were no bishops there. So Bishop Hnilica and Monsignor Maasburg, the spiritual advisor to Saint Mother Teresa, went to the Soviet Union to execute John Paul II's prayer of consecration inside the Kremlin itself. Mother Teresa gave them medals with Mary's image to be left there. Religious articles are strictly forbidden in the USSR and they had to get hundreds of Miraculous Medals by security. Sometimes they used the medals to convince custom agents and inspectors to allow them to pass. At the embassy they were invited to join a group of diplomats on a tour of churches on the Kremlin grounds. They went straight to the church dedicated to the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary. Hnilica using a copy of Pravda to hide the consecration prayer, successfully pulled off the consecration in harmony with John Paul.[6]

Our Lady of Medjugorje[edit]

Hnilica visited Medjugorje many times. He "was said to have the ear of John Paul II," and he reported that "the Pope is privately interested in Medjugorje, seeing it as a continuation of Fatima in the battle with communism."[8]

World Network of Marian Devotion[edit]

When John Paul II was pope (1978-2005), the World Network of Marian Devotion was already in existence. During this time the "formalization of the devotions of some highly controversial figures" like Padre Pio and "while previously 'banned' sites of apparitions" like Lady of All Nations "received positive toleration or at least a level of acknowledgement." Important shrines and devotions within this network include to name a few: Amsterdam (1945), Medjugorje (1981), Garabandal, Spain (1961).[9] There were a number of organizations and individual priests, fathers and titular bishops, like Hnilica, supporting the Marian network.[9] Hnilica was a center of the contested network of Marian apparition movements. [10] He and several other clerics, created an important connection between several Marian apparitions around the world at that time.[9] His missionary family & journal promoted the cult of the Lady of All Nations.[11] The current Bishop Hendriks explains that the title ‘Lady of All Nations’ is “in itself theologically admissible” which includes praying with the Madonna but it is not to be understood as a recognition of the supernatural nature of the phenomena.[12]

The Bosnian War caused the decline in the financial revenues in Medjugorje, so Hnilica wanted to find a new source of financing. Hnilica tried to create the "Medjugorje of America" by contacting Theresa Lopez, an alleged seer of Mary, mother of Jesus.[13] Lopez claimed that she had a vision of the Madonna at the Mother Cabrini shrine near Denver, Colorado.[14] Hnilica met with Lopez in May 1992, and she regularly claimed to have visions of the Madonna. They started touring and raised some $50 million annually.[15] However, Hnilica's and Lopez's project ended with Archbishop of Denver James Stafford's pronouncement that the visions are not of supernatural origin. Stafford formed a commission to investigate the alleged apparitions in December 1991, and the commission presented him with results in February 1994.[citation needed]

In 1992, Hnilica was indicted of criminal involvement in the case of the collapse of the Banco Ambrosiano, of which the Vatican Bank was a partial owner. The investigators found Hnilica's2.8 million USD checks from Hnilica's Vatican Bank account.[16] At first, Hnilica claimed that he didn't want anything from Roberto Calvi's briefcase, but was hoping that Carboni would launch a campaign that would improve the Vatican's image. Carboni was the last to see Calvi alive [17] and hoped to get four million dollars for the briefcase. He told Hnilica that the documents in the briefcase would clear the Vatian Bank of any wrong doing.[18][19] Pope John Paul II and the secretary of state Cardinal Casaroli authorized Hnilica to negotiate.[17] Hnilica then said he was hoping he would get the documents in the briefcase and that it would clear the Vatican Bank in the event of Banco Ambrosiano collapse.[18] Carboni, Hnilica and Lena were all found guilty on March 1993, with Carboni receiving five, Hnilica three, and Lena two and a half years in prison.[20][21] All three verdicts were later annulled by the Appeals Court due to an error in procedure.[22][21]

The second trial took place in March 2000, where Carboni and Lena were convicted, and Hnilica was acquitted.[21] According to Yallop, the court determined that the Vatican had reneged on the deal and failed to produce the money so Hnilica was not able to take possession of Calvi's documents[21] and the court ruled that Hnilica acted under duress.[5]

Chris Maunder believes that Hnilica's support for Medjugorje was a burden because of his involvement with this Vatican Bank scandal from the 1980s.[8]

A supporter of the alleged Our Lady of Medjugorje apparitions, he visited Medjugorje several times.[8] Hnilica was a member of the "Queen of Peace" Committee, along with other supporters of the Medjugorje apparitions: Msgr. Dr. Frane Franić, retired Archbishop of Split and Makarska, Father Tomislav Pervan, Father Ivan Landeka, Father Slavko Barbarić, Father Jozo Zovko and Leonard Oreč.[23] Hnilica "was said to have the ear of John Paul II,"[8] He reported that "the Pope is privately interested in Medjugorje, seeing it as a continuation of Fatima in the battle with communism."[8]

Dražen Kutleša writing about the matter for Bishop Peric who took over from Bishop Zanic, reported that in March 1994, while in Mostar, Hnilica falsely presented himself as the Pope's personal delegate[24] and attributed statements to Pope John Paul II supportive of Medjugorje, which were dismissed as false by the Vatican.[25]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Yallop 2007, p. 457.
  2. ^ a b c Roszkowski & Kofman 2016, p. 492.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Doellinger 2013, p. 22, 42.
  4. ^ "Catholic Hierarchy - Bishop Pavel Mária Hnilica, S.J." Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  5. ^ a b Allen 2020.
  6. ^ a b Kengor, Paul (2017). A Pope and a President. Delaware: ISI Books. p. 346.
  7. ^ a b c Yallop 2007, p. 459.
  8. ^ a b c d e Maunder 2016, p. 163.
  9. ^ a b c Melton & Baumann 2010, p. 1806.
  10. ^ Hermkens, Jansen & Notermans 2009, p. 194.
  11. ^ Margry 2019, p. 682.
  12. ^ Doorakkers 2021.
  13. ^ Yallop 2007, pp. 460–462.
  14. ^ Ostling 2001.
  15. ^ Yallop 2007, p. 463.
  16. ^ Posner 2015, p. 370.
  17. ^ a b Yallop 2007, p. 461.
  18. ^ a b Posner 2015, p. 371.
  19. ^ Owen 1998.
  20. ^ Posner.
  21. ^ a b c d Yallop 2007, p. 464.
  22. ^ Hutchison.
  23. ^ Kutleša 2001, p. 251.
  24. ^ Kutleša 2001, pp. 156, 251.
  25. ^ Kutleša 2001, p. 256.

References[edit]

Books[edit]

  • Doellinger, David (2013). Turning Prayers into Protests: Religious-based Activism and its Challenge to State Power in Socialist Slovakia and East Germany. Budapest: Central European University Press. ISBN 9786155225789.
  • Hermkens, Anna-Karina; Jansen, Willy; Notermans, Catrien (2009). Moved by Mary: The Power of Pilgrimage in the Modern World. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 9780754667896.
  • Kengor, Paul (2017). A Pope and a President. Delaware: ISI Books. p. 346.
  • Kutleša, Dražen (2001). Ogledalo pravde [Mirror of Justice] (in Croatian). Mostar: Biskupski ordinarijat Mostar.
  • Margry, Peter Jan (1998). "Paradoxes of Marian Apparitional Contestation: Networks, Ideology, Gender, and the Lady of All Nations". In Hermkens, Anna-Karina; Jansen, Willy; Notermans, Catrien (eds.). Moved by Mary: The Power of Pilgrimage in the Modern World. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 9780754667896.
  • Margry, Petar Jan (2019). "The Global Network of Deviant Revelatory Marian Movements". In Maunder, Chris (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Mary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192511157.
  • Maunder, Chris (2016). Our Lady of the Nations: Apparitions of Mary in 20th-Century Catholic Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198718383.
  • Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin, eds. (2010). "World Network of Marian Devotion". Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. pp. 1805–1807. ISBN 9781598842043.
  • Posner, Gerald (2015). God's Bankers: A History of Money and Power at the Vatican. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781416576594.
  • Roszkowski, Wojciech; Kofman, Jan, eds. (2016). Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781317475941.
  • Silk, Mark (1998). Unsecular Media: Making News of Religion in America. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252067426.
  • Sullivan, Randall (2004). The Miracle Detective. New York: Grove Press. p. 283.
  • Yallop, David (2007). The Power and the Glory: Inside the Dark Heart of Pope John Paul II's Vatican. New York City: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 9781472105165.

News articles[edit]

Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Titular Bishop of Rusadir
1964–2006 		Succeeded by


Category:1921 births Category:2006 deaths Category:People from Krupina District Category:Slovak Jesuits Category:Jesuit bishops Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Paul VI Category:Participants in the Second Vatican Council Category:20th-century Roman Catholic titular bishops Category:21st-century Roman Catholic titular bishops Category:Slovak Roman Catholic bishops Category:20th-century Jesuits Category:21st-century Jesuits Category:Roman Catholic bishops in Czechoslovakia

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