User:PhotographyEdits/Computer systems in space

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Embedded computer systems deployed to outer space have various constraints, such as data links to earth that are low bandwidth and high latency. Additional constraints require radiation hardening and supporting a large operating temperature range, which limit the processing power. Some systems have been returned to earth in working state, like the Apollo Guidance Computer, others are still functioning like the board computer of the Perseverance Mars rover. Some systems still exist but are no longer reachable, have burned down in the earth atmosphere, or crashed into other celestial bodies.

[1][2]

RCA 1802#Space technology and science

https://www.cpushack.com/space-craft-cpu.html

Background[edit]

https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/11/space-grade-cpus-how-do-you-send-more-computing-power-into-space/

https://web.mit.edu/slava/space/introduction.htm

[3]

https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/space/space_chronology.html

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5391156

Lists[edit]

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Spacecraft with one of multiple computer systems
Spacecraft Computer Picture CPU OS and other software RAM Flash EEPROM Location Mission and launch date Current state Ref
Gemini Guidance Computer
Saturn V Launch Vehicle Digital Computer
Apollo Command Module and Apollo Lunar Module[a] Apollo Guidance Computer
Starlink satellites[b]
International Space Station IBM ThinkPad 760XD [4][5]
IBM ThinkPad A31p
Lenovo ThinkPad T61p
Apple iPad
Microsoft HoloLens
HP ZBook 15
Gallileo Advanced Technology Airborne Computer
Mir
Cassini-Huygens Attitude Control System MIL-STD-1750A 512kb [6][7]
Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster[c] Power Electronics Module Linux-based [8]
Generic computers which were part of various spacecrafts
Computer (family) Picture Spacecraft Computer model CPU RAM Flash EEPROM Location Mission and launch date Current state Ref
IBM System/4 Pi Space Shuttle AP-101 Low earth orbit
Skylab TC-1 Low earth orbit
MOL Unknown Low earth orbit

Failures and updates[edit]

In 2022, the MARSIS, which is running Windows 98, was updated.[14]

Voyager.[15][16]

Mir[17]

Gallileo.[18]

Space Shuttle.[19]

http://edition.cnn.com/2001/TECH/space/04/25/shuttle.spacestation.02/index.html

Hubble Space Telescope § 2021 power control issue[20]

http://edition.cnn.com/2001/TECH/space/04/25/shuttle.spacestation.02/index.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/12/us/for-parts-nasa-boldly-goes-on-ebay.html

https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/International_Space_Station_computer_gets_a_heart_transplant

Stuff on Mars runs curl and more

New developments[edit]

[21][22]

https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3138313/mars-moon-computer-system-behind-chinas-space-missions

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Part of the Saturn V during launch
  2. ^ Refers to the computer on board of a single satellite in a constellation
  3. ^ Was not designed for actual operations in space and will disintegrate quicker than other space objects due to the lack of radiation hardening.

Further reading[edit]

  • https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/358234.358246
  • https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00502-022-00991-9
  • "Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience". NASA. Retrieved 2023-04-15.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Staff, Ars (2020-10-02). "Definitely not Windows 95: What operating systems keep things running in space?". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
  2. ^ Leppinen, Hannu (October 2017). "Current use of linux in spacecraft flight software". IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine. 32 (10): 4–13. doi:10.1109/MAES.2017.160182. ISSN 1557-959X.
  3. ^ "Space exploration: The computers that power man's conquest of the stars". ZDNET. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
  4. ^ "IBM Archives: IBM ThinkPads in space". www.ibm.com. 2003-01-23. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  5. ^ Heath, Nick (2016-05-23). "From Windows 10, Linux, iPads, iPhones to HoloLens: The tech astronauts use on the ISS". TechRepublic. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
  6. ^ "Rad-hard Air Force computer set for Cassini mission". www.militaryaerospace.com. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
  7. ^ Webster, Julie L. "Cassini Spacecraft Engineering Tutorial" (PDF).
  8. ^ "Tesla Roadster: Test Driving Your Electric Dream Car" (PDF). Ziff Davis Media. 30 March 2007.
  9. ^ "SpaceX: We've launched 32,000 Linux computers into space for Starlink internet". ZDNet. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  10. ^ Heath, Nick (2016-05-23). "From Windows 10, Linux, iPads, iPhones to HoloLens: The tech astronauts use on the ISS". TechRepublic. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  11. ^ Leyden, John. "Space station computers crash". www.theregister.com. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  12. ^ Crothers, Brooke. "Computer network to be built in space". CNET. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  13. ^ Lewis, Peter H. (1998-11-05). "Laptops on the Shuttle: Age Does Not Matter". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  14. ^ "Software upgrade for 19-year-old martian water-spotter". www.esa.int. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  15. ^ Tingley, Kim (2017-08-03). "The Loyal Engineers Steering NASA's Voyager Probes Across the Universe". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  16. ^ Wenz, John (2015-10-29). "Why NASA Needs a Programmer Fluent In 60-Year-Old Code". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  17. ^ "CNN - Mir 'normal' despite new computer failure - September 8, 1997". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
  18. ^ Press, The Associated (1996-09-01). "Computer on Galileo Spacecraft Is Restored". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-12-07.
  19. ^ Broad, William J. (1983-12-09). "SHUTTLE PROGRAM COMPUTER FAILURES BEGAN ON FIRST TEST LANDING IN 1977". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
  20. ^ Quach, Katyanna. "Hubble Space Telescope may now depend on a computer that hasn't booted since 2009". The Register. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  21. ^ "NASA has chosen these CPUs to power its next generation of spaceflight computers". ZDNET. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
  22. ^ Quach, Katyanna. "NASA wants a 100x upgrade for space computers". www.theregister.com. Retrieved 2022-11-23.

Category:Space technology Category:Computing comparisons

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