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Memecylon
Memecylon umbellatum

From Mirijjawila Botanical Garden, Sri Lanka

Scientific classification
(unranked):
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
(unranked):
Myrtales
(unranked):
Melastomataceae
(unranked):
Olisbeoideae
(unranked):
Memecyleae
(unranked):
Memecylon

Memecylon (Melastomataceae)

Memecylon is a plant group in Melastomataceae. It consists of 400-450 species of small to medium sized trees and shrubs occurring in the Old World tropics[1][2][3]. Memecylon is characterized by exstipulate leaves, four-merous bisexual flowers, anthers opening by slits, enlarged connectives bearing terpenoid secreting glands and berries[4]. Memecylon sensu stricto can be distinguished from other Memecyloids by obscure nervation on leaves, non-glandular roughened leaf surface having branched sclerids, imbricate calyx, unilocular ovary and large embryo with thick and convoluted cotyledons [5].

Etymology[edit]

The name Memecylon is derived from 'memaecylon' as used by ancient Greek philosophers Dioscorides and Pliny to describe the red fruits of Arbutus unedo (Oriental Strawberry Tree) alluding to the pink to reddish berries often produced by Memecylon [6]. Some vernacular names in different regions of the world are given below. English: Blue mist, Hindi: Anjan, Malayalam: Aattukanala, Oriya: Neymaru, Sinhala: Korakaha, Welikaha, Tamil: Kaya[7].

Characters[edit]

Stems[edit]

Species of larger stature have a characteristic brown bark with narrow and sharp furrows, most are small single stemmed trees. However, the bark of many species of smaller stature is varied and may be papery white or smooth dark red black [3][4].

Leaves[edit]

Leaves are opposite, short-stalked, elliptic or ovate, mostly with widely spaced pinnate nerves either visible or obscure. Leaves along the twig are all the same size, shiny, glabrous, with entire margins, the node has a characteristic scar between the leaves, the twig bark is typically red, striated and flaky [3].

Flowers[edit]

The inflorescence is typically dense and axillary. The florets are small (usually less than 5 mm) compared to the other taxa in Melastomataceae, with short fleshy corolla parts. Cymes are bracteate, usually thyrsoid to umbel shaped, often condensed to sessile fascicles of flowers or a few-flowered heads at tips of peduncles. The florets are white or violet, the stamens blue or violet, usually obvious in aggregates, from axillary clusters. Flowers are bisexual, have inferior ovaries, but the parts are otherwise free. The calyx is valvate and there are twice as many stamens as petals[3][4].

Fruits[edit]

The fruit is from an inferior ovary, typically axillary. The calyx remnants are persistent, and are sometimes blue-black. Fruits are globose or occasionally ellipsoid, pulpy or juicy with one large seed[3][4].

Distribution[edit]

This group is distributed in approximately 53 countries of the Old World tropics and occupies a wide range of habitats. Most of the plants in this group are regionally or locally endemic. Endemic Memecylon are reported from 21 countries [5][8][9][10][11]. The global distribution of this group is shown in the following Figure and some of the countries which have endemic Memecylon species are listed in the caption.

Global distribution of Memecylon. Countries marked in red show the presence of Memecylon. Numbers represent the total number of species in each country: Madagascar (total species=138, endemic species=97), Cameroon (27), Liberia (9), Equatorial Guinea (7), Gabon (24), South Africa (2), Kenya (6), Nigeria (5), Mauritius (5), Tanzania (10), Reunion (2), Democratic Republic of Congo (1), Zimbabwe (1), Congo (10), Malawi (2), Angola (4), Zambia (2), Mozambique(3),Sierra Leone (4), Central African Republic (2), Ghana (4), Uganda (1), Mascarene Islands (4), Seychelle (2), Guinea (6), Ivory Coast (6), Mayotte (1), India (33, endemic=25), Sri Lanka (35, endemic=27), Nicobar Islands (2), Andamans (9), China (total=16, endemic=6), Indonesia (14), Sumatra (10), Malaysia (29), Singapore (12), Borneo (18), Java (9), Philippines (16), Taiwan (2), Ceram Island (3), Cambodia (10), Vietnam (15), Thailand (21), Myanmar (12), New Guinea (14), Simalue Island (2), Laos (7), Australia (3), Papua New Guinea (1), Vanuatu (1), Fiji (3), Tonga (1) (Data to produce the map was obtained from GBIF geographic occurrence data and locality data in NCBI database)

Phylogeny[edit]

The classification of Memecylon has switched back and forth among families Melastomataceae, Myrtaceae and Memecylaceae based on morphological, anatomical and molecular evidence. Early classifications excluded Memecylon and Mouriri from the Melastomataceae mainly based on placentation and seed characters. Subsequent treatments preferred to treat Memecylon as a member of Myrtaceae[3]. Again, this group has been included in Melastomataceae by Cronquist . After that, morphological and anatomical character analysis of the Melastomataceae and their traditional allies by Renner[12] identified two major lineages (Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae), and in that classification, Memecylon was placed in the Memecylaceae. Synapomorphies used in this phylogenetic analysis were anther connective and dehiscence, dorsal glands on stamen connectives, endothecium, placentation, locules, seeds, leaf venation, terminal leaf sclereids, paracytic stomata, stomata shape, leaf sclereids, indumentum, ant and mite domatia, wood and growth form characters, which excluded Memecylaceae from Melastomataceae. However, in Memecylon some characters such as seasonal flowering and small size of flowers contributed to the difficulty of assessing relationships based on the morphology. Later, several groups have been either included in broadly defined Memecylaceae or segregated from it. As a result, Memecylaceae comprised the groups Memecylon, Lijndenia, Mouriri, and Votomita[13]. Molecular phylogenetic analyses using rbcL sequence data showed that the Melastomataceae lineage consists of a subclade formed by Oliniaceae, Penaeaeae, Phynchocalycaceae and Alzateaceae sister to a subclade formed by Memecylaceae and Melastomataceae sensu stricto. Parsimony analysis showed distinct Myrtaceae and Melastomataceae clades[14]. Subsequently, Bayesian analyses using chloroplast DNA sequences from the rbcL and ndhF genes [14], and parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses on rRNA, rbcL and atpB sequences, have shown that Memecylaceae is a sister group to Melastomataceae[15]. Later studies using combined exon and intron sequences of the nuclear glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (GapC) has supported the monophyly of Memecylon[16]. However, the APG IV (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV) system of classification, a system of revised and updated classification of flowering plants, now recognizes the groups of Memecylaceae within a broader circumscription of Melastomataceae[17].

The most recent phylogenetic analysis of Memecylon included mostly African taxa and was based on two nuclear ribosomal regions, ETS and ITS. Memecylon species discovery in Madagascar increased, and comprehensive taxonomic revisions brought the total number up to 138 species, making Memecylon one of the most species-rich groups in the woody flora of Madagascar. In addition to this high species richness, a high degree of endemism of Memecylon indicated the importance of considering ecogeographic factors when making species identifications in this group[9]. Therefore, in the latest molecular phylogeny, a combined study of ecogeographic factors has been taken into account[9].

Pollination and seed dispersal[edit]

The dense and axillary showy clusters of Memecylon florets do not produce nectar. These flowers are visited by pollen-gathering bees who vibrate or manipulate the anthers[4]. Anthers open by longitudinal slits and exposed pollen invites pollen gathering bees. Anther appendages serve as a hold for bees’ legs. These flowers have terpenoid secreting glands and bees collect terpenoids. Therefore, buzz pollination is also favored. Berries are dispersed by birds and mammals. Populations of Memecylon are widely scattered within the forests as would be expected in bird-dispersed species[4].

Ecology[edit]

Memecylon produce flowers and fruits more regularly than many trees of the equatorial forests. It provides a food supply for wildlife as a source of fruits. Different sympatric groups appear to segregate mainly by soil moisture[4].

Ethnobotany[edit]

Memecylon has medicinal, economic and horticultural values[4]. A yellow dye and a mordant can be extracted from the leaves, and the bark is used to treat bruises. They are used for dyeing silk in Thailand. Fruits are edible and some are used as spices. This is an ornamental plant. This group provides hard and valuable timber used for building houses and boats. Wood is used to make rafters, house posts, fuel wood, charcoal, tools and handles. As a medicinal use, a decoction of the root is used to treat irregular menstruation. Leaves have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, traditionally used to heal burns and wounds without scarring. An infusion of leaves is used as astringent for opthalmia. Bark is applied as a poultice to bruises. The leaves are used in the treatment of gonorrhea, or when mixed with several other ingredients, they make good fomentations for external use. Root and heartwood decoctions are used to bring down fever associated with colds, chicken pox and measles[6][7].

A List of Memecylon[edit]

  1. Memecylon aberrans H. Perrier
  3. Memecylon acrocarpum Bakh. f.
  5. Memecylon acrogenum R.D. Stone
  7. Memecylon acuminatissimum Blume
  9. Memecylon acuminatum Sm.
  11. Memecylon aequidianum Jacq.-Fél.
  13. Memecylon affine Merr.
  15. Memecylon afzelii G. Don
  17. Memecylon agastyamalaianum E.S.S. Kumar, Antony & A.E.S. Khan
  19. Memecylon alatum Aug. DC.
  21. Memecylon albescens Jacq.-Fél.
  23. Memecylon amabile Bedd.
  25. Memecylon ambiguum Blume
  27. Memecylon ambrense Jacq.-Fél.
  29. Memecylon amherstianum C.B. Clarke
  31. Memecylon amoenum Jacq.-Fél.
  33. Memecylon amplexicaule Roxb.
  35. Memecylon amplifolium R.D. Stone
  37. Memecylon amshoffiae Jacq.-Fél.
  39. Memecylon andamanicum King
  41. Memecylon angulatum Rchb. ex DC.
  43. Memecylon angustifolium Wight
  45. Memecylon antseranense Jacq.-Fél.
  47. Memecylon apoense Elmer
  49. Memecylon arcuatomarginatum Gilg ex Engl.
  51. Memecylon argenteum K. Bremer
  53. Memecylon arnhemense Whiffin
  55. Memecylon auratifolium H. Perrier
  57. Memecylon aylmeri Hutch. & Dalziel
  59. Memecylon azurinii Quisumb. & Merr.
  61. Memecylon bachmannii Engl.
  63. Memecylon bakerianum Hutch. & Dalziel; nom. illeg.
  65. Memecylon balakrishnanii Lakshmin. & S.P. Mathew
  67. Memecylon barteri Hook. f.
  69. Memecylon basilanense Merr.
  71. Memecylon batekeanum R.D. Stone & G.M. Walters
  73. Memecylon bernieri Cogn.
  75. Memecylon boinense H. Perrier
  77. Memecylon brachybotrys Merr.
  79. Memecylon bracteatum Jacq.-Fél.
  81. Memecylon bracteolatum Bakh. f.
  83. Memecylon brahense Jacq.-Fél.
  85. Memecylon bremeri M.B. Viswan.
  87. Memecylon brenanii A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  89. Memecylon bretelerianum Jacq.-Fél.
  91. Memecylon buxifolium Blume
  93. Memecylon buxoides Wickens
  95. Memecylon caeruleum Jack
  97. Memecylon calderense A. Gray
  99. Memecylon calleryanum Naudin
  101. Memecylon calophyllum Gilg
  103. Memecylon calyptratum K. Bremer
  105. Memecylon campanulatum C.B. Clarke
  107. Memecylon candidum Gilg
  109. Memecylon candolleanum Cogn.
  111. Memecylon cantleyi Ridl.
  113. Memecylon capense Eckl. & Zeyh.
  115. Memecylon capitellatum sensu Span.
  117. Memecylon capuronii Jacq.-Fél.
  119. Memecylon cardiophyllum Cogn.
  121. Memecylon caudatum Craib
  123. Memecylon celastrinum Kurz
  125. Memecylon celebicum Bakh. f.
  127. Memecylon cephalanthum Ridl.
  129. Memecylon ceramense Bakh. f.
  131. Memecylon cerasiforme Kurz
  133. Memecylon chevalieri Guillaumin
  135. Memecylon cinereum King
  137. Memecylon cinnamomoides G. Don
  139. Memecylon claessensii De Wild.
  141. Memecylon clarkeanum Cogn.
  143. Memecylon clausiflorum Naudin
  145. Memecylon clavistaminum Jacq.-Fél.
  147. Memecylon coacerviflorum H.L. Li
  149. Memecylon coeruleoviolaceum Gilg ex Engl.
  151. Memecylon cogniauxii Gilg
  153. Memecylon collinum Jacq.-Fél.
  155. Memecylon confertiflorum Cogn.
  157. Memecylon confine Blume
  159. Memecylon confusum Blume
  161. Memecylon congolense A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  163. Memecylon conocarpum Lauterb. & K. Schum.
  165. Memecylon constrictum Craib
  167. Memecylon cordatum Wall.; nom. nud.
  169. Memecylon cordifolium Merr.
  171. Memecylon corticosum Ridl.
  173. Memecylon corymbiforme H. Perrier
  175. Memecylon costatum Miq.
  177. Memecylon coursianum Jacq.-Fél.
  179. Memecylon crassifolium Bakh. f.
  181. Memecylon crassinerve Blume
  183. Memecylon crassipetiolum Jacq.-Fél.
  185. Memecylon cumingianum C. Presl
  187. Memecylon cumingii Naudin
  189. Memecylon cuneatum Thwaites
  191. Memecylon curtisii Burkill & M.R. Hend.
  193. Memecylon cyaneum De Wild.
  195. Memecylon cyanocarpum C.Y. Wu; nom. illeg.
  197. Memecylon dalleizettei H. Perrier
  199. Memecylon dallmannense Ohwi
  201. Memecylon dasyanthum Gilg & Lederm. ex Engl.
  203. Memecylon deccanense C.B. Clarke
  205. Memecylon delphinense H. Perrier
  207. Memecylon deminutum Brenan
  209. Memecylon densiflorum Merr.
  211. Memecylon depokkense Bakh. f.
  213. Memecylon depressum Benth.; nom. nud.
  215. Memecylon dichotomum (C.B. Clarke) King
  217. Memecylon diluviorum Exell
  219. Memecylon dioicum (Naudin) Cogn.
  221. Memecylon discolor Cogn.
  223. Memecylon dissitum Craib
  225. Memecylon diversifolium C. Presl
  227. Memecylon dolichophyllum Naudin
  229. Memecylon donianum Planch. ex Benth.; nom. illeg.
  231. Memecylon dubium Jacq.-Fél.
  233. Memecylon durum Cogn.
  235. Memecylon edule Roxb.
  237. Memecylon eduliforme Aug. DC.
  239. Memecylon eglandulosum H. Perrier
  241. Memecylon elaeagni Blume
  243. Memecylon elegans Kurz
  245. Memecylon elegantulum Thwaites
  247. Memecylon ellipticum Thwaites
  249. Memecylon elliptifolium Merr.
  251. Memecylon elmeri Merr.
  253. Memecylon elongatum Merr.
  255. Memecylon engleri Gilg; nom. nud.
  257. Memecylon englerianum Cogn.
  259. Memecylon epiphyticum King
  261. Memecylon erubescens Gilg
  263. Memecylon erythranthum Gilg
  265. Memecylon eugeniiflorum Ridl.
  267. Memecylon eurhynchum Miq.
  269. Memecylon excelsum Blume
  271. Memecylon exellii A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  273. Memecylon fasciculare (Planch. ex Benth.) Naudin
  275. Memecylon faucherei Danguy
  277. Memecylon fernandesiorum Jacq.-Fél.
  279. Memecylon fernandianum Gilg ex Engl.
  281. Memecylon ferreum Blume
  283. Memecylon fianarantse Jacq.-Fél.
  285. Memecylon flavescens Gamble
  287. Memecylon flavovirens Baker
  289. Memecylon fleuryi Jacq.-Fél.
  291. Memecylon floribundum'' Blume
  293. Memecylon floridum Ridl.
  295. Memecylon fosteri Hutch. & Dalziel
  297. Memecylon fragrans A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  299. Memecylon fruticosum King
  301. Memecylon fuscescens Thwaites
  303. Memecylon galeatum H. Perrier
  305. Memecylon garcinioides Blume
  307. Memecylon gardneri Thwaites
  309. Memecylon geddesianum Craib
  311. Memecylon geoffrayi Guillaumin
  313. Memecylon germainii A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  315. Memecylon gibbosum Bakh. f.
  317. Memecylon giganteum Alston
  319. Memecylon gigantifolium Elmer
  321. Memecylon gilgianum Exell
  323. Memecylon gilletii De Wild.
  325. Memecylon gitingense Elmer
  327. Memecylon globiferum Wall.; nom. nud.
  329. Memecylon globosum Bakh. f.
  331. Memecylon glomeratum Blume
  333. Memecylon golaense Baker f.
  335. Memecylon gopalanii Murugan & Manickam
  337. Memecylon gossweileri Gilg ex Engl.
  339. Memecylon gracile Bedd.
  341. Memecylon gracilipedicellatum Jacq.-Fél.
  343. Memecylon gracilipes Ridl.; nom. illeg.
  345. Memecylon gracillimum Alston
  347. Memecylon grande sensu Blume
  349. Memecylon greenwayi Brenan
  351. Memecylon griffithianum Naudin
  353. Memecylon griseoviolaceum Gilg & Ledermann ex Engl.
  355. Memecylon guineense Keay
  357. Memecylon hainanense Merr. & Chun
  359. Memecylon harmandii Guillaumin
  361. Memecylon harveyi Seem.
  363. Memecylon havilandii Ridl.
  365. Memecylon heinsenii Gilg
  367. Memecylon helferi (C.B. Clarke) Cogn.
  369. Memecylon hepaticum Blume
  371. Memecylon heterophyllum Gilg
  373. Memecylon heterophyllum sensu Exell
  375. Memecylon heteropleurum Blume
  377. Memecylon heudelotii Naudin
  379. Memecylon heyneanum sensu Wight
  381. Memecylon hookeri sensu A.N. Henry & Subr.
  383. Memecylon horsfieldii Miq.
  385. Memecylon huillense A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  387. Memecylon hullettii King
  389. Memecylon humbertii H. Perrier
  391. Memecylon hylandii Whiffin
  393. Memecylon hylophilum Gilg
  395. Memecylon impressivenum R.D. Stone
  397. Memecylon inalatum Jacq.-Fél.
  399. Memecylon infuscatum Jacq.-Fél.
  401. Memecylon insigne Mansf.
  403. Memecylon insperatum A.C. Sm.
  405. Memecylon insulare A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  407. Memecylon interjectum R.D. Stone
  409. Memecylon intermedium Blume
  411. Memecylon isaloense Jacq.-Fél.
  413. Memecylon ivohibense Jacq.-Fél.
  415. Memecylon jadhavii K.N. Reddy, C.S. Reddy & V.S. Raju; nom. inval.
  417. Memecylon jambosioides Wight
  419. Memecylon jasminoides Gilg
  421. Memecylon johnstonii Gilg ex Engl.
  423. Memecylon klaineanum Jacq.-Fél.
  425. Memecylon kollimalayana M.B. Viswan.
  427. Memecylon kratense Craib
  429. Memecylon kunstleri King
  431. Memecylon kurzii King
  433. Memecylon laevigatum Blume
  435. Memecylon lampongum Miq.
  437. Memecylon lanceolatum Cogn.; nom. illeg.
  439. Memecylon lancifolium Ridl.
  441. Memecylon langbianense Guillaumin
  443. Memecylon laruei Merr.
  445. Memecylon lateriflorum (G. Don) Bremek.
  447. Memecylon latifolium Bojer; nom. nud.
  449. Memecylon laurentii De Wild.
  451. Memecylon laureolum Jacq.-Fél.
  453. Memecylon laurifolium Naudin
  455. Memecylon laurinum Blume
  457. Memecylon lawsonii Gamble
  459. Memecylon laxiflorum Wall. ex Ridl.; nom. illeg.
  461. Memecylon leucanthum Thwaites
  463. Memecylon leucocarpum Gilg
  465. Memecylon liberiae Gilg ex Engl.
  467. Memecylon ligustrifolium Champ. ex Benth.
  469. Memecylon ligustrinum Naudin
  471. Memecylon lijndenia Kuntze
  473. Memecylon lilacinum Zoll. & Moritzi
  475. Memecylon littorale Merr.
  477. Memecylon loheri Merr.
  479. Memecylon longicauda Gilg
  481. Memecylon longicuspe Baker
  483. Memecylon longifolium Cogn.
  485. Memecylon longipetalum H. Perrier
  487. Memecylon louvelianum H. Perrier
  489. Memecylon luchuenense C. Chen
  491. Memecylon lucidum C. Presl
  493. Memecylon lureri Naudin
  495. Memecylon lushingtonii Gamble
  497. Memecylon lutambense Markgr.
  499. Memecylon luteolum Miq.
  501. Memecylon machairacme Gilg
  503. Memecylon macrocarpum Thwaites
  505. Memecylon macrodendron Gilg ex Engl.
  507. Memecylon macrophyllum Thwaites
  509. Memecylon madgolense Gamble
  511. Memecylon magnifoliatum A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  513. Memecylon maingayi C.B. Clarke
  515. Memecylon majungense H. Perrier
  517. Memecylon malabaricum (C.B. Clarke) Cogn.; nom. illeg.
  519. Memecylon malaccense (C.B. Clarke) Ridl.
  521. Memecylon mandrarense H. Perrier
  523. Memecylon mangiferoides Jacq.-Fél.
  525. Memecylon manickamii Murugan, Sundaresan & Jothi
  527. Memecylon manillanum Naudin; nom. illeg.
  529. Memecylon mannii Hook. f.
  531. Memecylon marginatum Blume
  533. Memecylon mayottense R.D. Stone
  535. Memecylon mayumbense Exell
  537. Memecylon megacarpum Furtado
  539. Memecylon megaspermum Jacq.-Fél.
  541. Memecylon meiklei Keay
  543. Memecylon melindense A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  545. Memecylon membranifolium Hook. f.
  547. Memecylon memecyloides (Benth.) Exell
  549. Memecylon memoratum Jacq.-Fél.
  551. Memecylon merguicum (C.B. Clarke) King
  553. Memecylon micranthum Blume
  555. Memecylon microphyllum Gilg
  557. Memecylon microstomum C.B. Clarke
  559. Memecylon mildbraedii Gilg
  561. Memecylon millenii Gilg
  563. Memecylon minahassae Koord.
  565. Memecylon minimifolium H. Perrier
  567. Memecylon minutiflorum Miq.
  569. Memecylon mocquerysii Aug. DC.
  571. Memecylon molestum (C.B. Clarke) Cogn.
  573. Memecylon monchyanum Backer; nom. inval.
  575. Memecylon mouririifolium Brenan
  577. Memecylon mouririoides Jacq.-Fél.
  579. Memecylon multiflorum Bakh. f.
  581. Memecylon multinode Jacq.-Fél.
  583. Memecylon mundanthuraianum M.B.Viswan. & Manik.
  585. Memecylon myrianthum Gilg
  587. Memecylon myricoides Naudin
  589. Memecylon myrsinoides Blume
  591. Memecylon myrtifolium Wall.; nom. nud.
  593. Memecylon myrtiforme Naudin
  595. Memecylon myrtilli Blume
  597. Memecylon myrtilloides Markgr.
  599. Memecylon nanum A. Chev.; nom. nud.
  601. Memecylon natalense Markgr.
  603. Memecylon nigrescens Engl.; nom. illeg.
  605. Memecylon nitidulum Cogn.
  607. Memecylon nodosum (Engl.) Gilg ex Engl.
  609. Memecylon normandii Jacq.-Fél.
  611. Memecylon novoguineense Baker f.
  613. Memecylon nudum Blume
  615. Memecylon obanense Baker f.
  617. Memecylon obovatum Néraud ex Triana; nom. nud.
  619. Memecylon obscurinerve Merr.
  621. Memecylon obtusifolium Merr.
  623. Memecylon obtusum Wall.; nom. nud.
  625. Memecylon occultum Jacq.-Fél.
  627. Memecylon ochroleucum Bakh. f.
  629. Memecylon octocostatum Merr. & Chun
  631. Memecylon odoratum Elmer
  633. Memecylon ogowense A. Chev.
  635. Memecylon oleifolium Baker; nom. illeg.
  637. Memecylon oligoneurum Blume
  639. Memecylon oligophlebium Merr.
  641. Memecylon orbiculare Thwaites
  643. Memecylon oreophilum Gilg & Lederm. ex Engl.
  645. Memecylon oubanguianum Jacq.-Fél.
  647. Memecylon ovatifolium (Poir.) Wickens
  649. Memecylon ovatum Sm.
  651. Memecylon ovoideum Thwaites
  653. Memecylon pachyderme Wall.; nom. nud.
  655. Memecylon pachyphyllum Merr.
  657. Memecylon palawanense Elmer
  659. Memecylon pallidum Merr.
  661. Memecylon paniculatum Jack
  663. Memecylon papuanum Merr. & L.M. Perry
  665. Memecylon paradoxum Jacq.-Fél.
  667. Memecylon parviflorum Blanco
  669. Memecylon pauciflorum Blume
  671. Memecylon pedunculatum Jacq.-Fél.
  673. Memecylon pendulum Chih C. Wang, Y. H. Tseng, Y. T. Chen & Kun C. Chang
  675. Memecylon peracuminatum H. Perrier
  677. Memecylon perakense Merr.; nom. illeg.
  679. Memecylon perangustum Jacq.-Fél.
  681. Memecylon perditum R.D. Stone
  683. Memecylon pergamentaceum Cogn.
  685. Memecylon perrieri Danguy
  687. Memecylon pervilleanum Naudin
  689. Memecylon petiolatum Trimen ex Alston
  691. Memecylon phanerophlebium Merr.
  693. Memecylon phyllanthifolium Thwaites ex Bedd.
  695. Memecylon pierrei Hance
  697. Memecylon pileatum Jacq.-Fél.
  699. Memecylon planifolium Jacq.-Fél.
  701. Memecylon plebejum Kurz
  703. Memecylon polyanthemos Hook. f.
  705. Memecylon polyanthum H.L. Li
  707. Memecylon polyneuron Gilg
  709. Memecylon ponmudianum Sivu, N.S.Pradeep & Pandur.
  711. Memecylon prasinum Naudin; nom. illeg.
  713. Memecylon preslianum Triana; nom. illeg.
  715. Memecylon procerum Thwaites
  717. Memecylon procteri A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  719. Memecylon protrusum Bakh. f.
  721. Memecylon prunifolium Naudin
  723. Memecylon pseudomyrtiforme H. Perrier
  725. Memecylon pseudonigrescens Blume
  727. Memecylon pterocarpum H. Perrier
  729. Memecylon pterocaule (Korth.) Merr.
  731. Memecylon pterocladum R.D. Stone
  733. Memecylon pteropus Merr.
  735. [Memecylon pubescens]] (C.B. Clarke) King
  737. Memecylon pulchellum Ridl.
  739. Memecylon pulcherrimum Gilg
  741. Memecylon pulchrum Kurz
  743. Memecylon pulvinatum Jacq.-Fél.
  745. Memecylon punctatum C. Presl
  747. Memecylon purpurascens Jacq.-Fél.
  749. Memecylon purpureocoeruleum Gilg
  751. Memecylon pusilliflorum Cogn.
  753. Memecylon pyrifolium Naudin; nom. illeg.
  755. Memecylon ramiflorum Desr.
  757. Memecylon ramosii Merr.
  759. Memecylon ramosum Jacq.-Fél.
  761. Memecylon randerianum S.M. Almeida & M.R. Almeida
  763. Memecylon rauschianum Gilg & Lederm. ex Engl.
  765. Memecylon revolutum Thwaites
  767. Memecylon reygaertii De Wild.
  769. Memecylon rhamnoideum Naudin
  771. Memecylon rhinophyllum Thwaites
  773. Memecylon rhodophyllum Bakh. f.
  775. Memecylon ridleyi Cogn. ex Ridl.; nom. nud.
  777. Memecylon rivulare K. Bremer
  779. Memecylon roseum H. Perrier
  781. Memecylon rostratum Thwaites
  783. Memecylon rotundatum (Thwaites) Cogn.
  785. Memecylon royenii Blume
  787. Memecylon rubiflorum Jacq.-Fél.
  789. Memecylon rubrocaeruleum Thwaites
  791. Memecylon ruptile K. Bremer
  793. Memecylon sabulosum Jacq.-Fél.
  795. Memecylon salicifolium Jacq.-Fél.
  797. Memecylon sambiranense H. Perrier
  799. Memecylon sapinii De Wild.
  801. Memecylon schliebenii Markgr.
  803. Memecylon schraderbergense Mansf.
  805. Memecylon schumannianum Mansf.
  807. Memecylon scolopacinum Ridl.
  809. Memecylon scutellatum sensu Seem.
  811. Memecylon sejunctum R.D. Stone
  813. Memecylon semseii A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  815. Memecylon sepicanum Mansf.
  817. Memecylon sessile A. Chev.
  819. Memecylon sessilifolium Merr.
  821. Memecylon simii Stapf
  823. Memecylon sisparense Gamble
  825. Memecylon sitanum Jacq.-Fél.
  827. Memecylon sivadasanii N. Mohanan, Ravi, Kiran Raj & Shaju
  829. Memecylon sorsogonense Elmer
  831. Memecylon sousae A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  833. Memecylon sparsiflorum Bojer; nom. nud.
  835. Memecylon sphaerocarpum DC.
  837. Memecylon sphaerothyrsum O. Schwartz
  839. Memecylon steenisii Bakh. f.
  841. Memecylon stenophyllum Merr.
  843. Memecylon stolzii Gilg ex Engl.
  845. Memecylon strumosum Naudin
  847. Memecylon strychnoides Gilg; nom. illeg.
  849. Memecylon subcaudatum Merr.
  851. Memecylon subcordifolium Bakh. f.
  853. Memecylon subcuneatum H. Perrier
  855. Memecylon subfurfuraceum Merr.
  857. Memecylon subramanii A.N. Henry
  859. Memecylon subsessile H. Perrier
  861. Memecylon subtrinervium Miq.
  863. Memecylon sumatrense Bakh. f.
  865. Memecylon superbum A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  867. Memecylon sylvaticum Thwaites
  869. Memecylon symplociforme Merr.
  871. Memecylon talbotianum Brandis
  873. Memecylon tamifolium Gilg ex Engl.
  875. Memecylon tayabense Merr.
  877. Memecylon teitense Wickens
  879. Memecylon tenuipes Merr.
  881. Memecylon terminale Dalzell
  883. Memecylon terminaliflorum Elmer
  885. Memecylon tetrapterum Cogn.
  887. Memecylon thomsonii Thwaites
  889. Memecylon thouarsianum Naudin
  891. Memecylon thouvenotii Danguy
  893. Memecylon thwaitesii Cogn.
  895. Memecylon tinctorium sensu Blanco
  897. Memecylon tirunelvelicum Murugan, Manickam & Sundaresan
  899. Memecylon toamasinense Jacq.-Fél.
  901. Memecylon torrei A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  903. Memecylon torricellense Lauterb.
  905. Memecylon tricolor Craib
  907. Memecylon trinerve DC.
  909. Memecylon tsaratananense (H. Perrier) Jacq.-Fél.
  911. Memecylon uapacoides Jacq.-Fél.
  913. Memecylon ulopterum DC.
  915. Memecylon umbellatum sensu Merr.
  917. Memecylon uniflorum Exell
  919. Memecylon urceolatum Cogn.
  921. Memecylon urdanetense Elmer
  923. Memecylon utericarpum Jacq.-Fél.
  925. Memecylon vaccinioides Jacq.-Fél.
  927. Memecylon varians Thwaites
  929. Memecylon venosum Merr.
  931. Memecylon verruculosum Brenan
  933. Memecylon violaceum Cogn.
  935. Memecylon virescens Hook. f.
  937. Memecylon viride Hutch. & Dalziel; nom. inval.
  939. Memecylon viridifolium Exell
  941. Memecylon vitiense A. Gray
  943. Memecylon vogelii Naudin; nom. illeg.
  945. Memecylon vosmaerianum Scheff.
  947. Memecylon walikalense A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  949. Memecylon walkeri Hook. ex C.B. Clarke; nom. nud.
  951. Memecylon wallichii Ridl.
  953. Memecylon wightianum Triana; nom. nud.
  955. Memecylon wightii Thwaites
  957. Memecylon wilwerthii De Wild.
  959. Memecylon xiphophyllum R.D. Stone
  961. Memecylon yangambense A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  963. Memecylon zambeziense A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  965. Memecylon zenkeri Gilg

Sources[edit]

melastomataceae.net

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Melastomataceae.Net". www.melastomataceae.net. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
  2. ^ Bremer, Kåre (1981). "Seeds and embryos in Sri Lanka (Ceylonese) species of Memecylon, with notes on Spathandra (Melastomataceae)". Nordic Journal of Botany. 1: 62–65. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1981.tb01036.x.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Bremer, Kåre (1981-01-01). "Seeds and embryos in Sri Lanka (Ceylonese) species of Memecylon, with notes on Spathandra (Melastomataceae)". Nordic Journal of Botany. 1 (1): 62–65. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1981.tb01036.x. ISSN 1756-1051.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/37861854?q&versionId=49956453
  5. ^ a b Stone, Robert Douglas (2014-06-30). "The species-rich, paleotropical genus Memecylon (Melastomataceae): Molecular phylogenetics and revised infrageneric classification of the African species". Taxon. 63 (3): 539–561. doi:10.12705/633.10.
  6. ^ a b "Memecylon".
  7. ^ a b "A Field Guide to Economically Important Plants of Sri Lanka". www.nhbs.com. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
  8. ^ "Multiple Miocene Melastomataceae dispersal between Madagascar, Africa and India" (PDF).
  9. ^ a b c Stone, Robert Douglas (2012-07-06). "Endemism, species richness and morphological trends in Madagascan Memecylon (Melastomataceae)". Plant Ecology and Evolution. 145 (2): 145–151. doi:10.5091/plecevo.2012.545.
  10. ^ Wijedasa, Lahiru S.; Hughes, Mark (2012-09-07). "A new species and new combinations of Memecylon in Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia". Phytotaxa. 66 (1): 6–12. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.66.1.2. ISSN 1179-3163.
  11. ^ Hughes, Mark (2013-09-25). "Memecylon pseudomegacarpum M.Hughes (Melastomataceae), a new species of tree from Peninsular Malaysia". European Journal of Taxonomy (56). doi:10.5852/ejt.2013.56. ISSN 2118-9773.
  12. ^ Renner, Susanne S. (2004-10-29). "Multiple Miocene Melastomataceae dispersal between Madagascar, Africa and India". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 359 (1450): 1485–1494. doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1530. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 1693440. PMID 15519967.
  13. ^ "Interfamilial relationships in Myrtales: molecular phylogeny and patterns of morphological evolution" (PDF).
  14. ^ a b Clausing, G.; Renner, S. S. (2001-03-01). "Molecular phylogenetics of Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae: implications for character evolution". American Journal of Botany. 88 (3): 486–498. doi:10.2307/2657114. ISSN 0002-9122. JSTOR 2657114. PMID 11250827.
  15. ^ Clausing, G.; Renner, S. S. (2001-03-01). "Molecular phylogenetics of Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae: implications for character evolution". American Journal of Botany. 88 (3): 486–498. doi:10.2307/2657114. ISSN 0002-9122. JSTOR 2657114. PMID 11250827.
  16. ^ Stone, Robert Douglas (2006-01-01). "Phylogeny of Major Lineages in Melastomataceae, Subfamily Olisbeoideae: Utility of Nuclear Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GapC) Gene Sequences". Systematic Botany. 31 (1): 107–121. doi:10.1600/036364406775971741. JSTOR 25064133. S2CID 86038354.
  17. ^ The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016-05-01). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385. ISSN 1095-8339.
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