User:Mr. Ibrahem/Whooping cough

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Whooping cough
Other namesPertussis, 100-day cough
A young boy coughing due to pertussis.
SpecialtyInfectious disease
SymptomsRunny nose, fever, cough[1]
ComplicationsVomiting, broken ribs, very tired[1][2]
Duration~ 10 weeks[3]
CausesBordetella pertussis (spread through the air)[4]
Diagnostic methodNasopharyngeal swab[5]
PreventionPertussis vaccine[6]
TreatmentAntibiotics (if started early)[7]
Frequency16.3 million (2015)[8]
Deaths58,700 (2015)[9]

Whooping cough, also known as pertussis or the 100-day cough, is a highly contagious bacterial disease.[1][10] Initial symptoms are usually similar to those of the common cold with a runny nose, fever, and mild cough, but these are followed by weeks of severe coughing fits.[1] Following a fit of coughing, a high-pitched whoop sound or gasp may occur as the person breathes in.[1] The coughing may last for 10 or more weeks, hence the phrase "100-day cough".[3] A person may cough so hard that they vomit, break ribs, or become very tired from the effort.[1][2] Children less than one year old may have little or no cough and instead have periods where they do not breathe.[1] The time between infection and the onset of symptoms is usually seven to ten days.[11] Disease may occur in those who have been vaccinated, but symptoms are typically milder.[1]

Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis.[4] It is spread easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person.[4][12] People are infectious from the start of symptoms until about three weeks into the coughing fits.[7] Those treated with antibiotics are no longer infectious after five days.[7] Diagnosis is by collecting a sample from the back of the nose and throat.[5] This sample can then be tested by either culture or by polymerase chain reaction.[5]

Prevention is mainly by vaccination with the pertussis vaccine.[6] Initial immunization is recommended between six and eight weeks of age, with four doses to be given in the first two years of life.[13] Protection from pertussis decreases over time, so additional doses of vaccine are often recommended for older children and adults.[14] Antibiotics may be used to prevent the disease in those who have been exposed and are at risk of severe disease.[15] In those with the disease, antibiotics are useful if started within three weeks of the initial symptoms, but otherwise have little effect in most people.[7] In pregnant women and children less than one year old, antibiotics are recommended within six weeks of symptom onset.[7] Antibiotics used include erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.[7] Evidence to support interventions for the cough, other than antibiotics, is poor.[16] About 50% of infected children less than a year old require hospitalization and nearly 0.5% (1 in 200) die.[1][2]

An estimated 16.3 million people worldwide were infected in 2015.[8] Most cases occur in the developing world, and people of all ages may be affected.[17][16] In 2015, pertussis resulted in 58,700 deaths – down from 138,000 deaths in 1990.[9][18] Outbreaks of the disease were first described in the 16th century.[11] The bacterium that causes the infection was discovered in 1906.[11] The pertussis vaccine became available in the 1940s.[11]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Signs & Symptoms". CDC. May 22, 2014. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  2. ^ a b c "Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Complications". cdc.gov. August 28, 2013. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  3. ^ a b "Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Fast Facts". cdc.gov. February 13, 2014. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  4. ^ a b c "Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Causes & Transmission". cdc.gov. September 4, 2014. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  5. ^ a b c "Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Specimen Collection". cdc.gov. August 28, 2013. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  6. ^ a b Hickey, Patrick W. (2022). "3. Bordatella pertussis and pertussis (whooping cough)". In Jong, Elaine C.; Stevens, Dennis L. (eds.). Netter's Infectious Diseases (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 11–15. ISBN 978-0-323-71159-3. Archived from the original on 2023-10-20. Retrieved 2023-09-25.
  7. ^ a b c d e f "Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Treatment". cdc.gov. August 28, 2013. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  8. ^ a b Vos, Theo; Allen, Christine; Arora, Megha; Barber, Ryan M.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Brown, Alexandria; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C.; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chen, Alan Z.; Coggeshall, Megan; Cornaby, Leslie; Dandona, Lalit; Dicker, Daniel J.; Dilegge, Tina; Erskine, Holly E.; Ferrari, Alize J.; Fitzmaurice, Christina; Fleming, Tom; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Fullman, Nancy; Gething, Peter W.; Goldberg, Ellen M.; Graetz, Nicholas; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Hay, Simon I.; Johnson, Catherine O.; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Kawashima, Toana; Kemmer, Laura (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ a b Wang, Haidong; Naghavi, Mohsen; Allen, Christine; Barber, Ryan M.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C.; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chen, Alan Zian; Coates, Matthew M.; Coggeshall, Megan; Dandona, Lalit; Dicker, Daniel J.; Erskine, Holly E.; Ferrari, Alize J.; Fitzmaurice, Christina; Foreman, Kyle; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Fraser, Maya S.; Fullman, Nancy; Gething, Peter W.; Goldberg, Ellen M.; Graetz, Nicholas; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Hay, Simon I.; Huynh, Chantal; Johnson, Catherine O.; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Kinfu, Yohannes; Kulikoff, Xie Rachel (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Carbonetti NH (June 2007). "Immunomodulation in the pathogenesis of Bordetella pertussis infection and disease". Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 7 (3): 272–8. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2006.12.004. PMID 17418639.
  11. ^ a b c d Atkinson, William (May 2012). Pertussis Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (12th ed.). Public Health Foundation. pp. 215–230. ISBN 9780983263135. Archived from the original on 2017-07-29.
  12. ^ "Pertussis". WHO. Archived from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
  13. ^ "Revised guidance on the choice of pertussis vaccines: July 2014" (PDF). Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire. 89 (30): 337–40. July 2014. PMID 25072068. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-02-13.
  14. ^ "Pertussis vaccines: WHO position paper". Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire. 85 (40): 385–400. October 2010. PMID 20939150.
  15. ^ "Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Prevention". cdc.gov. October 10, 2014. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  16. ^ a b Wang K, Bettiol S, Thompson MJ, Roberts NW, Perera R, Heneghan CJ, Harnden A (September 2014). "Symptomatic treatment of the cough in whooping cough". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9 (9): CD003257. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003257.pub5. PMC 7154224. PMID 25243777. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
  17. ^ Heininger U (February 2010). "Update on pertussis in children". Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy. 8 (2): 163–73. doi:10.1586/eri.09.124. PMID 20109046.
  18. ^ GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442. {{cite journal}}: |author1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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