User:Mr. Ibrahem/Rabies
| Rabies | |
|---|---|
 | |
| A dog with rabies in the paralytic (post-furious) stage | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease |
| Symptoms | Fever, fear of water, confusion, excessive salivation, hallucinations, trouble sleeping, paralysis, coma[1][2] |
| Causes | Rabies virus, Australian bat lyssavirus[3] |
| Prevention | Rabies vaccine, animal control, rabies immunoglobulin[1] |
| Prognosis | Nearly always death after onset of symptoms[1] |
| Deaths | 17,400 (2015)[4] |
Rabies is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals.[1] Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure.[1] These symptoms are followed by one or more of the following symptoms: violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, fear of water, an inability to move parts of the body, confusion, and loss of consciousness.[1] Once symptoms appear, the result is nearly always death.[1] The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months, but can vary from less than one week to more than one year.[1] The time depends on the distance the virus must travel along peripheral nerves to reach the central nervous system.[5]
Rabies is caused by lyssaviruses, including the rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus.[3] It is spread when an infected animal bites or scratches a human or other animal.[1] Saliva from an infected animal can also transmit rabies if the saliva comes into contact with the eyes, mouth, or nose.[1] Globally, dogs are the most common animal involved.[1] In countries where dogs commonly have the disease, more than 99% of rabies cases are the direct result of dog bites.[6] In the Americas, bat bites are the most common source of rabies infections in humans, and less than 5% of cases are from dogs.[1][6] Rodents are very rarely infected with rabies.[6] The disease can be diagnosed only after the start of symptoms.[1]
Animal control and vaccination programs have decreased the risk of rabies from dogs in a number of regions of the world.[1] Immunizing people before they are exposed is recommended for those at high risk, including those who work with bats or who spend prolonged periods in areas of the world where rabies is common.[1] In people who have been exposed to rabies, the rabies vaccine and sometimes rabies immunoglobulin are effective in preventing the disease if the person receives the treatment before the start of rabies symptoms.[1] Washing bites and scratches for 15 minutes with soap and water, povidone-iodine, or detergent may reduce the number of viral particles and may be somewhat effective at preventing transmission.[1][7] As of 2016[update], only fourteen people had survived a rabies infection after showing symptoms.[8][9][10]
Rabies caused about 17,400 human deaths worldwide in 2015.[4] More than 95% of human deaths from rabies occur in Africa and Asia.[1] About 40% of deaths occur in children under the age of 15.[11] Rabies is present in more than 150 countries and on all continents but Antarctica.[1] More than 3 billion people live in regions of the world where rabies occurs.[1] A number of countries, including Australia and Japan, as well as much of Western Europe, do not have rabies among dogs.[12][13] Many Pacific islands do not have rabies at all.[13] It is classified as a neglected tropical disease.[14]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Rabies Fact Sheet N°99". World Health Organization. July 2013. Archived from the original on 1 April 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
- ^ "Rabies - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
- ^ a b "Rabies, Australian bat lyssavirus and other lyssaviruses". The Department of Health. Dec 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
- ^ a b Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
- ^ Cotran RS, Kumar V, Fausto N (2005). Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (7th ed.). Elsevier/Saunders. p. 1375. ISBN 978-0-7216-0187-8.
- ^ a b c Tintinalli, Judith E. (2010). Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli)). McGraw-Hill. pp. Chapter 152. ISBN 978-0-07-148480-0.
- ^ Wunner, William H. (2010). Rabies: Scientific Basis of the Disease and Its Management. Academic Press. p. 556. ISBN 9780080550091. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- ^ Hemachudha T, Ugolini G, Wacharapluesadee S, Sungkarat W, Shuangshoti S, Laothamatas J (May 2013). "Human rabies: neuropathogenesis, diagnosis, and management". The Lancet. Neurology. 12 (5): 498–513. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70038-3. PMID 23602163.
- ^ "UC Davis Children's Hospital patient becomes third person in U.S. to survive rabies". UC Davis Medical Center. Archived from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ Manoj S, Mukherjee A, Johri S, Kumar KV (2016). "Recovery from rabies, a universally fatal disease". Military Medical Research. 3 (1): 21. doi:10.1186/s40779-016-0089-y. PMC 4947331. PMID 27429788.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Rabies: The Facts" (PDF). World Health Organization. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
- ^ WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies : second report (PDF) (2 ed.). Geneva: WHO. 2013. p. 3. ISBN 9789241209823. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2014.
- ^ a b "Rabies-Free Countries and Political Units". CDC. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
- ^ "Neglected Tropical Diseases". cdc.gov. 6 June 2011. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.