User:Mr. Ibrahem/Obsessive–compulsive disorder

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"OCD" redirects here. Not to be confused with Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder. For other uses, see OCD (disambiguation).


Obsessive–compulsive disorder
Frequent, excessive hand washing occurs in some people with OCD
SpecialtyPsychiatry
SymptomsFeel the need to check things repeatedly, perform certain routines repeatedly, have certain thoughts repeatedly[1]
ComplicationsTics, anxiety disorder, suicide[2][3]
Usual onsetBefore 35 years[1][2]
CausesUnknown[1]
Risk factorsChild abuse, stress[2]
Diagnostic methodBased on the symptoms[2]
Differential diagnosisAnxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, eating disorders, obsessive–compulsive personality disorder[2]
TreatmentCounseling, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, clomipramine[4][5]
Frequency2.3%[6]

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental disorder in which a person feels the need to perform certain routines repeatedly (called "compulsions"), or has certain thoughts repeatedly (called "obsessions").[1] The person is unable to control either the thoughts or activities for more than a short period of time.[1] Common compulsions include hand washing, counting of things, and checking to see if a door is locked.[1] Some may have difficulty throwing things out.[1] These activities occur to such a degree that the person's daily life is negatively affected,[1] often taking up more than an hour a day.[2] Most adults realize that the behaviors do not make sense.[1] The condition is associated with tics, anxiety disorder, and an increased risk of suicide.[2][3]

The cause is unknown.[1] There appear to be some genetic components, with both identical twins more often affected than both non-identical twins.[2] Risk factors include a history of child abuse or other stress-inducing event.[2] Some cases have been documented to occur following infections.[2] The diagnosis is based on the symptoms and requires ruling out other drug-related or medical causes.[2] Rating scales such as the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) can be used to assess the severity.[7] Other disorders with similar symptoms include anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, eating disorders, tic disorders, and obsessive–compulsive personality disorder.[2]

Treatment involves counseling, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and sometimes antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or clomipramine.[4][5] CBT for OCD involves increasing exposure to what causes the problems while not allowing the repetitive behavior to occur.[4] While clomipramine appears to work as well as SSRIs, it has greater side effects and thus is typically reserved as a second-line treatment.[4] Atypical antipsychotics may be useful when used in addition to an SSRI in treatment-resistant cases but are also associated with an increased risk of side effects.[5][8] Without treatment, the condition often lasts decades.[2]

Obsessive–compulsive disorder affects about 2.3% of people at some point in their lives.[6] Rates during a given year are about 1.2%, and it occurs worldwide.[2] It is unusual for symptoms to begin after the age of 35, and half of people develop problems before 20.[1][2] Males and females are affected about equally.[1] The phrase obsessive–compulsive is sometimes used in an informal manner unrelated to OCD to describe someone as being excessively meticulous, perfectionistic, absorbed, or otherwise fixated.[9]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (January 2016). "What is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?". U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 (5 ed.). Washington: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013. pp. 237–242. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
  3. ^ a b Angelakis, I; Gooding, P; Tarrier, N; Panagioti, M (25 March 2015). "Suicidality in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD): A systematic review and meta-analysis". Clinical Psychology Review. 39. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press: 1–15. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.03.002. PMID 25875222.
  4. ^ a b c d Grant JE (14 August 2014). "Clinical practice: Obsessive-compulsive disorder". The New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (7): 646–53. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1402176. PMID 25119610.
  5. ^ a b c Veale, D; Miles, S; Smallcombe, N; Ghezai, H; Goldacre, B; Hodsoll, J (29 November 2014). "Atypical antipsychotic augmentation in SSRI treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMC Psychiatry. 14: 317. doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0317-5. PMC 4262998. PMID 25432131.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ a b Goodman, WK; Grice, DE; Lapidus, KA; Coffey, BJ (September 2014). "Obsessive-compulsive disorder". The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 37 (3): 257–67. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2014.06.004. PMID 25150561.
  7. ^ Fenske JN, Schwenk TL (August 2009). "Obsessive compulsive disorder: diagnosis and management". American Family Physician. 80 (3): 239–45. PMID 19621834. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014.
  8. ^ Decloedt EH, Stein DJ (2010). "Current trends in drug treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder". Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 6: 233–42. doi:10.2147/NDT.S3149. PMC 2877605. PMID 20520787.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ Bynum, W.F.; Porter, Roy; Shepherd, Michael (1985). "Obsessional Disorders: A Conceptual History. Terminological and Classificatory Issues.". The anatomy of madness: essays in the history of psychiatry. London: Routledge. pp. 166–187. ISBN 978-0-415-32382-6.
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