User:Mr. Ibrahem/Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

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Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Other namesNon-Hodgkin disease
Micrograph of mantle cell lymphoma, a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Terminal ileum. H&E stain.
SpecialtyHematology and oncology
SymptomsEnlarged lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, tiredness, itching[1]
Usual onset65–75 years old[2]
Risk factorsPoor immune function, autoimmune diseases, Helicobacter pylori infection, hepatitis C, obesity, Epstein-Barr virus infection[1][3]
Diagnostic methodBone marrow or lymph node biopsy[1]
TreatmentChemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, stem cell transplantation, surgery, watchful waiting[1]
PrognosisFive-year survival rate 71% (USA)[2]
Frequency4.3 million (affected during 2015)[4]
Deaths231,400 (2015)[5]

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a group of blood cancers that includes all types of lymphomas except Hodgkin lymphomas.[1] Symptoms include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss and tiredness.[1] Other symptoms may include bone pain, chest pain or itchiness.[1] Some forms are slow-growing, while others are fast-growing.[1]

Lymphomas are types of cancer that develop from lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell.[2] Risk factors include poor immune function, autoimmune diseases, Helicobacter pylori infection, hepatitis C, obesity, and Epstein–Barr virus infection.[1][3] The World Health Organization classifies lymphomas into five major groups, including one for Hodgkin lymphoma.[6] Within the four groups for NHL are over 60 specific types of lymphoma.[7][8] Diagnosis is by examination of a bone marrow or lymph node biopsy.[1] Medical imaging is done to help with cancer staging.[1]

Treatment depends on whether the lymphoma is slow- or fast-growing and if it is in one area or many areas.[1] Treatments may include chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, stem-cell transplantation, surgery, or watchful waiting.[1] If the blood becomes overly thick due to high numbers of antibodies, plasmapheresis may be used.[1] Radiation and some chemotherapy, however, increase the risk of other cancers, heart disease, or nerve problems over the subsequent decades.[1]

In 2015, about 4.3 million people had non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and 231,400 died.[4][5] In the United States, 2.1% of people are affected at some point in their life.[2] The most common age of diagnosis is between 65 and 75 years old.[2] The five-year survival rate in the United States is 71%.[2]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version". NCI. 3 August 2016. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma". NCI. April 2016. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  3. ^ a b World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 2.4, 2.6. ISBN 978-9283204299.
  4. ^ a b GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ "Adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version". NCI. 1 June 2016. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  7. ^ "Different types of non Hodgkin lymphoma". Cancer Research UK. Archived from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  8. ^ Bope, Edward T.; Kellerman, Rick D. (2015). Conn's Current Therapy 2016. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 878. ISBN 9780323355353. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
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