User:Mr. Ibrahem/Nitrofurantoin
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| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Trade names | Macrobid, Macrodantin and others |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a682291 |
| License data | |
| Pregnancy category |
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| Routes of administration | By mouth |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 40% |
| Metabolism | Liver (75%) |
| Elimination half-life | 20 minutes |
| Excretion | Urine and bile |
| Identifiers | |
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| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C8H6N4O5 |
| Molar mass | 238.16 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
| Melting point | 270 to 272 °C (518 to 522 °F) (decomp.) |
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Nitrofurantoin, sold under the brand name Macrobid among others, is an antibiotic used to prevent and treat bladder infections, but is not as effective for kidney infections.[3][4] It is taken by mouth.[3]
Common side effects include nausea, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and headaches.[3] Rarely numbness, lung problems, or liver problems may occur.[3] It should not be used in people with kidney problems.[3] While it appears to be generally safe during pregnancy it should not be used near delivery.[3][5] While it usually works by slowing bacterial growth, it may result in bacterial death at the high concentrations found in urine.[3]
Nitrofurantoin was first sold in 1953.[6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[7] It is available as a generic medication.[3] The wholesale cost in the developing world is between US$0.10 and US$9.20 for a course of treatment.[8] In the United States, the wholesale cost is about US$8 for a course of treatment as of 2018.[9] In Canada this is about 21 CAD as of 2023.[10] In 2017, it was the 185th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than three million prescriptions.[11][12]
References[edit]
- ^ Squadrito, Francis J.; del Portal, Daniel (2022). "Nitrofurantoin". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Nitrofurantoin". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 2015-07-07. Retrieved Aug 1, 2015.
- ^ "5. Infection". British National Formulary (BNF) (82 ed.). London: BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press. September 2021 – March 2022. pp. 534–535. ISBN 978-0-85711-413-6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link) - ^ "Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database". Australian Government. 3 March 2014. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
- ^ Blass, Benjamin (2015). Basic Principles of Drug Discovery and Development. Elsevier. p. 511. ISBN 9780124115255. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
- ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- ^ "Nitrofurantoin". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
- ^ "NADAC as of 2018-09-12". Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ Ton, Joey (2 April 2023). "#337 Clear, not cloudy: Antibiotic options for uncomplicated urinary tract infections". CFPCLearn. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
- ^ "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- ^ "Nitrofurantoin - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.