User:Mr. Ibrahem/Nephrotic syndrome
| Nephrotic syndrome | |
|---|---|
_HE.jpg) | |
| Microscopic image of diabetic glomerulosclerosis, the main cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. | |
| Specialty | Nephrology |
| Symptoms | Swelling, weight gain, feeling tired, foamy urine[1] |
| Complications | Blood clots, infections, high blood pressure[1] |
| Causes | Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephropathy, minimal change disease, diabetes, lupus[1][2] |
| Diagnostic method | Urine testing, kidney biopsy[1] |
| Differential diagnosis | Nephritic syndrome, cirrhosis, severe malnutrition[2] |
| Treatment | Directed at underlying cause[1] |
| Frequency | 5 per 100,000 per year[3][4] |
Nephrotic syndrome is a collection of symptoms due to kidney damage.[1] This includes protein in the urine, low blood albumin levels, high blood lipids, and significant swelling.[1] Other symptoms may include weight gain, feeling tired, and foamy urine.[1] Complications may include blood clots, infections, and high blood pressure.[1]
Causes include a number of kidney diseases such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephropathy, and minimal change disease.[1][2] It may also occur as a complication of diabetes or lupus.[1] The underlying mechanism typically involves damage to the glomeruli of the kidney.[1] Diagnosis is typically based on urine testing and sometimes a kidney biopsy.[1] It differs from nephritic syndrome in that there are no red blood cells in the urine.[2]
Treatment is directed at the underlying cause.[1] Other efforts include managing high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and infection risk.[1] A low salt diet and limiting fluids is often recommended.[1] About 5 per 100,000 people are affected per year.[3][4] The usual underlying cause varies between children and adults.[4]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. February 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
- ^ a b c d Ferri, Fred F. (2017). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 889. ISBN 9780323529570.
- ^ a b Kher, Kanwal; Schnaper, H. William; Greenbaum, Larry A. (2016). Clinical Pediatric Nephrology, Third Edition. CRC Press. p. 307. ISBN 9781482214635.
- ^ a b c Kelly, Christopher R.; Landman, Jaime (2012). The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations - Urinary System e-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 101. ISBN 978-1455726561.