User:Mr. Ibrahem/Modafinil

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Mr. Ibrahem/Modafinil
Clinical data
Trade namesProvigil, Alertec, Modavigil, others
Other namesCRL-40476; Diphenylmethylsulfinylacetamide
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa602016
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B3
Dependence
liability		Relatively low
Addiction
liability		Very low to low[1]
Routes of
administration		By mouth (tablets)[2]
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityNot determined due to the aqueous insolubility
Protein binding62.3%
MetabolismHepatic (primarily via amide hydrolysis;[4] CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP3A5 involved [5]
Elimination half-life15 hours (R-enantiomer),
4 hours (S-enantiomer)[3]
ExcretionUrine (80%)
Identifiers
  • 2-(diphenylmethanesulfinyl)acetamide
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC15H15NO2S
Molar mass273.35 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=S(C(c1ccccc1)c2ccccc2)CC(=O)N
  • InChI=1S/C15H15NO2S/c16-14(17)11-19(18)15(12-7-3-1-4-8-12)13-9-5-2-6-10-13/h1-10,15H,11H2,(H2,16,17) checkY
  • Key:YFGHCGITMMYXAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Modafinil, sold under the brand name Provigil among others, is a medication to treat sleepiness due to narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, or obstructive sleep apnea.[2][6] While it has seen off-label use as a purported cognitive enhancer, the research on its effectiveness for this use is not conclusive.[8][9] It is taken by mouth.[2]

Common side effects include headache, anxiety, trouble sleeping, and nausea.[2] Serious side effects may include allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, misuse, and hallucinations.[2] It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe.[2] The amount of medication used may need to be adjusted in those with kidney or liver problems.[2] It is not recommended in those with an arrhythmia, significant hypertension, or left ventricular hypertrophy.[10] How it works is not entirely clear.[2] One possibility is that it may affect the areas of the brain involved with the sleep cycle.[2]

Modafinil was approved for medical use in the United States in 1998.[6] In the United States it is classified as a schedule IV controlled substance.[2] In the United Kingdom it is a prescription only medication.[10] It is available as a generic medication.[10] In the United Kingdom it costs the NHS about £105.21 a month as of 2018.[10] In the United States the wholesale cost per month is about US$34.20 as of 2018.[11] In 2017, it was the 328th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 900 thousand prescriptions.[12]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Mignot EJ (October 2012). "A practical guide to the therapy of narcolepsy and hypersomnia syndromes". Neurotherapeutics. 9 (4): 739–52. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0150-9. PMC 3480574. PMID 23065655. Because of the relatively low risk of addiction, modafinil can be more easily prescribed in patients without a clear, biochemically defined central hypersomnia syndrome, and is also easier to stop, if needed. It is also a schedule IV compound.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Modafinil Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
  3. ^ "Nuvigil Prescribing Information" (PDF). Nuvigil.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 7, 2018. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
  4. ^ Robertson P, Hellriegel ET (2003). "Clinical pharmacokinetic profile of modafinil". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 42 (2): 123–37. doi:10.2165/00003088-200342020-00002. PMID 12537513. S2CID 1266677.
  5. ^ Robertson P, DeCory HH, Madan A, Parkinson A (June 2000). "In vitro inhibition and induction of human hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes by modafinil". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 28 (6): 664–71. PMID 10820139.
  6. ^ a b c "Provigil Prescribing Information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. January 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
  7. ^ "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
  8. ^ Battleday RM, Brem AK (November 2015). "Modafinil for cognitive neuroenhancement in healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects: A systematic review". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 25 (11): 1865–81. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.028. PMID 26381811. S2CID 23319688. Archived from the original on August 28, 2021. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
  9. ^ Meulen, Ruud ter; Hall, Wayne; Mohammed, Ahmed (2017). Rethinking Cognitive Enhancement. Oxford University Press. p. 116. ISBN 9780198727392. Archived from the original on July 14, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
  10. ^ a b c d BNF 74 (74 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. September 2017. p. 468. ISBN 978-0857112989.
  11. ^ "NADAC as of 2018-06-13". Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
  12. ^ "Modafinil - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on June 19, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
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