User:Mr. Ibrahem/Ketamine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the functional group referred to as ketimine, see imine.
Mr. Ibrahem/Ketamine
(S)-Ketamine ball-and-stick model
Clinical data
Trade namesKetalar, others
Other namesCI-581; CL-369; CM-52372-2[1]
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
License data
Pregnancy
category
Addiction
liability		Low–moderate[3]
                                                      
Routes of
administration		Any[4][5][6][7]
Drug classNMDA receptor antagonists; General anesthetics; Dissociative hallucinogens; Analgesics; Antidepressants
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability
Protein binding12–47% (low)[9][11][16]
MetabolismLiver (N-demethylation):[6][19]
Metabolites
Onset of action
  • Intravenous: seconds[11]
  • Intramuscular: 1–5 min[11][18]
  • Subcutaneous: 15–30 min[18]
  • Insufflation: 5–10 min[11]
  • By mouth: 15–30 min[11][18]
Elimination half-life
  • Ketamine: 2.5–3 hours[11][6]
  • Norketamine: 12 hours[18]
Duration of action
  • Intramuscular: 0.5–2 hours[18]
  • Insufflation: 45–60 min[11]
  • By mouth: 1–6+ hours[11][18]
Excretion
Identifiers
  • (RS)-2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC13H16ClNO
Molar mass237.725 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
ChiralityRacemic mixture:[11]
Melting point258 to 261 °C (496 to 502 °F)
  • Clc1ccccc1C2(NC)CCCCC2=O
  • InChI=1S/C13H16ClNO/c1-15-13(9-5-4-8-12(13)16)10-6-2-3-7-11(10)14/h2-3,6-7,15H,4-5,8-9H2,1H3 checkY
  • Key:YQEZLKZALYSWHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Ketamine is a medication mainly used for starting and maintaining anesthesia.[22] It induces a trance-like state while providing pain relief, sedation, and memory loss.[23] Other uses include sedation in intensive care and treatment of pain and depression.[24][25][14][26][27] Heart function, breathing, and airway reflexes generally remain functional.[23] Effects typically begin within five minutes when given by injection, and last up to approximately 25 minutes.[22][28]

Common side effects include agitation, confusion, or hallucinations as the medication wears off.[22][29][30] Elevated blood pressure and muscle tremors are relatively common.[22][30] Spasms of the larynx may rarely occur.[22] Ketamine is an NMDA receptor antagonist, but it may also have other actions.[31]

Ketamine was discovered in 1962, first tested in humans in 1964, and approved for use in the United States in 1970.[28][32] It was extensively used for surgical anesthesia in the Vietnam War due to its safety.[32] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[33] It is available as a generic medication.[22] The wholesale price in the developing world is between US$0.84 and US$3.22 per vial.[34] Ketamine is also used as a recreational drug for its hallucinogenic and dissociative effects.[35]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Morton IK, Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 159–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1. Archived from the original on 11 April 2017.
  2. ^ a b "Ketamine (Ketalar) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 22 November 2019. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  3. ^ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 374–375. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4. Phencyclidine (PCP or angel dust) and ketamine (also known as special K) are structurally related drugs... their reinforcing properties and risks related to compulsive abuse
  4. ^ Bell RF, Eccleston C, Kalso EA (June 2017). "Ketamine as an adjuvant to opioids for cancer pain" (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6: CD003351. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003351.pub3. PMC 6481583. PMID 28657160. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-01-12. Retrieved 2020-08-09.
  5. ^ Moyse DW, Kaye AD, Diaz JH, Qadri MY, Lindsay D, Pyati S (March 2017). "Perioperative Ketamine Administration for Thoracotomy Pain". Pain Physician. 20 (3): 173–184. PMID 28339431.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Mathew, Sanjay J.; Zarate Jr, Carlos A. (25 November 2016). Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression: The First Decade of Progress. Springer. pp. 8–10, 14–22. ISBN 978-3-319-42925-0. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  7. ^ Brayfield, A, ed. (9 January 2017). "Ketamine Hydrochloride: Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference". MedicinesComplete. London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  8. ^ Jianren Mao (19 April 2016). Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia. CRC Press. pp. 127–. ISBN 978-1-4200-8900-4. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  9. ^ a b c Pascal Kintz (22 March 2014). Toxicological Aspects of Drug-Facilitated Crimes. Elsevier Science. pp. 87–. ISBN 978-0-12-416969-2. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  10. ^ Molero P, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Martin-Santos R, Calvo-Sánchez E, Gutiérrez-Rojas L, Meana JJ (May 2018). "Antidepressant Efficacy and Tolerability of Ketamine and Esketamine: A Critical Review". CNS Drugs. 32 (5): 411–420. doi:10.1007/s40263-018-0519-3. PMID 29736744.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sinner B, Graf BM (2008). "Ketamine". In Schüttler J, Schwilden H (eds.). Modern Anesthetics. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 182. pp. 313–33. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74806-9_15. ISBN 978-3-540-72813-9. PMID 18175098.
  12. ^ Hashimoto K (October 2019). "Rapid-acting antidepressant ketamine, its metabolites and other candidates: A historical overview and future perspective". Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 73 (10): 613–627. doi:10.1111/pcn.12902. PMC 6851782. PMID 31215725.
  13. ^ Schatzberg, Alan F.; Nemeroff, Charles B. (2017). The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology, Fifth Edition. American Psychiatric Pub. pp. 550–. ISBN 978-1-58562-523-9. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  14. ^ a b c Zhang K, Hashimoto K (January 2019). "An update on ketamine and its two enantiomers as rapid-acting antidepressants". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 19 (1): 83–92. doi:10.1080/14737175.2019.1554434. PMID 30513009.
  15. ^ Dickman, Andrew; Schneider, Jennifer (22 September 2016). The Syringe Driver: Continuous Subcutaneous Infusions in Palliative Care. Oxford University Press. pp. 114–. ISBN 978-0-19-873372-0. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  16. ^ Dowd, Frank J.; Johnson, Bart; Mariotti, Angelo (3 September 2016). Pharmacology and Therapeutics for Dentistry – E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 235–. ISBN 978-0-323-44595-5. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  17. ^ Barry Levine (2003). Principles of Forensic Toxicology. American Association for Clinical Chemistry. pp. 282–. ISBN 978-1-890883-87-4. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  18. ^ a b c d e f Quibell R, Prommer EE, Mihalyo M, Twycross R, Wilcock A (March 2011). "Ketamine*". Journal of Pain and Symptom Management (Therapeutic Review). 41 (3): 640–9. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.01.001. PMID 21419322. Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  19. ^ Hijazi Y, Boulieu R (July 2002). "Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 30 (7): 853–8. doi:10.1124/dmd.30.7.853. PMID 12065445. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  20. ^ "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
  21. ^ "Interpreting Urine Drug Tests (UDT)". Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  22. ^ a b c d e f "Ketamine Injection". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  23. ^ a b Green SM, Roback MG, Kennedy RM, Krauss B (May 2011). "Clinical practice guideline for emergency department ketamine dissociative sedation: 2011 update". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 57 (5): 449–61. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.11.030. PMID 21256625.
  24. ^ Zgaia AO, Irimie A, Sandesc D, Vlad C, Lisencu C, Rogobete A, Achimas-Cadariu P (2015). "The role of ketamine in the treatment of chronic cancer pain". Clujul Medical. 88 (4): 457–61. doi:10.15386/cjmed-500. PMC 4689236. PMID 26733743.
  25. ^ Zapantis A, Leung S (September 2005). "Tolerance and withdrawal issues with sedation". Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America. 17 (3): 211–23. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2005.04.011. PMID 16115529.
  26. ^ Kraus C, Rabl U, Vanicek T, Carlberg L, Popovic A, Spies M, et al. (March 2017). "Administration of ketamine for unipolar and bipolar depression". International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice. 21 (1): 2–12. doi:10.1080/13651501.2016.1254802. PMID 28097909.
  27. ^ Ritter JM, Flower RJ, Hendersen G, Loke YK, MacEwan D, Rang HP (2018). Rang and Dale's Pharmacology (Ninth ed.). Elsevier. p. 560. ISBN 9780702074462.
  28. ^ a b "Ketamine – CESAR". Center for Substance Abuse Research. University of Maryland. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  29. ^ Strayer RJ, Nelson LS (November 2008). "Adverse events associated with ketamine for procedural sedation in adults". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 26 (9): 985–1028. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2007.12.005. PMID 19091264. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  30. ^ a b "Ketamine Side Effects". drugs.com. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  31. ^ Tyler MW, Yourish HB, Ionescu DF, Haggarty SJ (June 2017). "Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Ketamine". ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 8 (6): 1122–1134. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00074. PMID 28418641.
  32. ^ a b Domino EF (September 2010). "Taming the ketamine tiger. 1965". Anesthesiology. 113 (3): 678–84. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181ed09a2. PMID 20693870. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  33. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  34. ^ "Ketamine". Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  35. ^ Morgan CJ, Curran HV (January 2012). "Ketamine use: a review". Addiction. 107 (1): 27–38. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03576.x. PMID 21777321. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Mr._Ibrahem/Ketamine&oldid=1219214386"