User:Mr. Ibrahem/Hepatitis B

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Hepatitis B
Electron micrograph of hepatitis B virus
SpecialtyInfectious disease, gastroenterology
SymptomsNone, yellowish skin, tiredness, dark urine, abdominal pain[1]
ComplicationsCirrhosis, liver cancer[2]
Usual onsetSymptoms may take up to 6 months to appear[1]
DurationShort or long term[3]
CausesHepatitis B virus spread by some body fluids[1]
Risk factorsIntravenous drug use, sexual intercourse, dialysis, living with an infected person[1][4]
Diagnostic methodBlood tests[1]
PreventionHepatitis B vaccine[1]
TreatmentAntiviral medication (tenofovir, interferon), liver transplantation[1]
Frequency>391 million (2017)[5]
Deaths65,400 direct (2015), >750,000 (total)[1][6]

Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects the liver;[1][7] it is a type of viral hepatitis.[8] It can cause both acute and chronic infection.[1] Many people have no symptoms during the initial infection.[1] In acute infection, some may develop a rapid onset of sickness with vomiting, yellowish skin, tiredness, dark urine and abdominal pain.[1] Often these symptoms last a few weeks and rarely does the initial infection result in death.[1][9] It may take 30 to 180 days for symptoms to begin.[1] In those who get infected around the time of birth 90% develop chronic hepatitis B while less than 10% of those infected after the age of five do.[4] Most of those with chronic disease have no symptoms; however, cirrhosis and liver cancer may eventually develop.[2] Cirrhosis or liver cancer occur in about 25% of those with chronic disease.[1]

The virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids.[1] Infection around the time of birth or from contact with other people's blood during childhood is the most frequent method by which hepatitis B is acquired in areas where the disease is common.[1] In areas where the disease is rare, intravenous drug use and sexual intercourse are the most frequent routes of infection.[1] Other risk factors include working in healthcare, blood transfusions, dialysis, living with an infected person, travel in countries where the infection rate is high, and living in an institution.[1][4] Tattooing and acupuncture led to a significant number of cases in the 1980s; however, this has become less common with improved sterilization.[10] The hepatitis B viruses cannot be spread by holding hands, sharing eating utensils, kissing, hugging, coughing, sneezing, or breastfeeding.[4] The infection can be diagnosed 30 to 60 days after exposure.[1] The diagnosis is usually confirmed by testing the blood for parts of the virus and for antibodies against the virus.[1] It is one of five main hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E.[11]

The infection has been preventable by vaccination since 1982.[1][12] Vaccination is recommended by the World Health Organization in the first day of life if possible.[1] Two or three more doses are required at a later time for full effect.[1] This vaccine works about 95% of the time.[1] About 180 countries gave the vaccine as part of national programs as of 2006.[13] It is also recommended that all blood be tested for hepatitis B before transfusion, and that condoms be used to prevent infection.[1] During an initial infection, care is based on the symptoms that a person has.[1] In those who develop chronic disease, antiviral medication such as tenofovir or interferon may be useful; however, these drugs are expensive.[1] Liver transplantation is sometimes used for cirrhosis.[1]

About a third of the world population has been infected at one point in their lives.[1] At least 391 million people, or 5% of the world's population, had chronic HBV infection as of 2017.[5] While another 145 million cases of acute HBV infection occurred that year.[5] Over 750,000 people die of hepatitis B each year.[1] About 300,000 of these are due to liver cancer.[14] The disease is most common in the Western Pacific (6.2%) and African (6.1%) regions.[11] In Europe rates are 1.6% and in the Americas they are 0.7%.[1] It was originally known as "serum hepatitis".[15]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af "Hepatitis B Fact sheet N°204". who.int. July 2014. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  2. ^ a b Chang MH (June 2007). "Hepatitis B virus infection". Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 12 (3): 160–167. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2007.01.013. PMID 17336170.
  3. ^ GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ a b c d "Hepatitis B FAQs for the Public – Transmission". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Archived from the original on 11 December 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  5. ^ a b c GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (10 November 2018). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017". Lancet. 392 (10159): 1789–1858. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7. PMC 6227754. PMID 30496104. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Logan, Carolynn M.; Rice, M. Katherine (1987). Logan's Medical and Scientific Abbreviations. J. B. Lippincott and Company. pp. 232. ISBN 0-397-54589-4.
  8. ^ "Hepatitis MedlinePlus". U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  9. ^ Rubin, Raphael; Strayer, David S. (2008). Rubin's Pathology : clinicopathologic foundations of medicine (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 638. ISBN 9780781795166.
  10. ^ Thomas HC (2013). Viral Hepatitis (4th ed.). Hoboken: Wiley. p. 83. ISBN 9781118637302.
  11. ^ a b Global hepatitis report 2017 (PDF). WHO. 2017. ISBN 978-92-4-156545-5.
  12. ^ Pungpapong S, Kim WR, Poterucha JJ (2007). "Natural History of Hepatitis B Virus Infection: an Update for Clinicians". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 82 (8): 967–975. doi:10.4065/82.8.967. PMID 17673066.
  13. ^ Williams R (2006). "Global challenges in liver disease". Hepatology. 44 (3): 521–526. doi:10.1002/hep.21347. PMID 16941687.
  14. ^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Barker LF, Shulman NR, Murray R, Hirschman RJ, Ratner F, Diefenbach WC, Geller HM (1996). "Transmission of serum hepatitis. 1970". Journal of the American Medical Association. 276 (10): 841–844. doi:10.1001/jama.276.10.841. PMID 8769597.
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