User:Mr. Ibrahem/Hemorrhoid
| Hemorrhoids | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Haemorrhoids, piles,[1] hemorrhoidal disease[2] |
 | |
| Diagram demonstrating the anatomy of both internal and external hemorrhoids | |
| Pronunciation | |
| Specialty | General surgery |
| Symptoms | Internal: Painless, bright red rectal bleeding[3] External: Pain and swelling around the anus[4] |
| Usual onset | 45–65 years of age[5] |
| Duration | Few days[3] |
| Causes | Unknown[4] |
| Risk factors | Constipation, diarrhea, sitting on the toilet for a long time, pregnancy[3] |
| Diagnostic method | Examination, rule out serious causes[2][3] |
| Treatment | Increased fiber, drinking fluids, NSAIDs, rest, surgery[1][6] |
| Frequency | 50–66% at some time[1][3] |
Hemorrhoids, also spelled haemorrhoids, are vascular structures in the anal canal.[7][8] In their normal state, they are cushions that help with stool control.[2] They become a disease when swollen or inflamed; the unqualified term "hemorrhoid" is often used to refer to the disease.[8] The signs and symptoms of hemorrhoids depend on the type present.[4] Internal hemorrhoids often result in painless, bright red rectal bleeding when defecating.[3][4] External hemorrhoids often result in pain and swelling in the area of the anus.[4] If bleeding occurs it is usually darker.[4] Symptoms frequently get better after a few days.[3] A skin tag may remain after the healing of an external hemorrhoid.[4]
While the exact cause of hemorrhoids remains unknown, a number of factors which increase pressure in the abdomen are believed to be involved.[4] This may include constipation, diarrhea and sitting on the toilet for a long time.[3] Hemorrhoids are also more common during pregnancy.[3] Diagnosis is made by looking at the area.[3] Many people incorrectly refer to any symptom occurring around the anal area as "hemorrhoids" and serious causes of the symptoms should be ruled out.[2] Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy is reasonable to confirm the diagnosis and rule out more serious causes.[9]
Often, no specific treatment is needed.[9] Initial measures consist of increasing fiber intake, drinking fluids to maintain hydration, NSAIDs to help with pain, and rest.[1] Medicated creams may be applied to the area, but their effectiveness is poorly supported by evidence.[9] A number of minor procedures may be performed if symptoms are severe or do not improve with conservative management.[6] Surgery is reserved for those who fail to improve following these measures.[6]
Approximately 50% to 66% of people have problems with hemorrhoids at some point in their lives.[1][3] Males and females are both affected with about equal frequency.[1] Hemorrhoids affect people most often between 45 and 65 years of age,[5] and is more common among the wealthy.[4] Outcomes are usually good.[3][9] The first known mention of the disease is from a 1700 BCE Egyptian papyrus.[10]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f Lorenzo-Rivero, S (August 2009). "Hemorrhoids: diagnosis and current management". Am Surg. 75 (8): 635–42. PMID 19725283.
- ^ a b c d Beck, David E. (2011). The ASCRS textbook of colon and rectal surgery (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-4419-1581-8. Archived from the original on 2014-12-30.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Hemorrhoids". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. November 2013. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Sun, Z; Migaly, J (March 2016). "Review of Hemorrhoid Disease: Presentation and Management". Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery. 29 (1): 22–29. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1568144. PMC 4755769. PMID 26929748.
- ^ a b Kaidar-Person, O; Person, B; Wexner, SD (January 2007). "Hemorrhoidal disease: A comprehensive review" (PDF). Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 204 (1): 102–17. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.08.022. PMID 17189119. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-22.
- ^ a b c Rivadeneira, DE; Steele, SR; Ternent, C; Chalasani, S; Buie, WD; Rafferty, JL; Standards Practice Task Force of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (September 2011). "Practice parameters for the management of hemorrhoids (revised 2010)". Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 54 (9): 1059–64. doi:10.1097/DCR.0b013e318225513d. PMID 21825884.
- ^ Chen, Herbert (2010). Illustrative Handbook of General Surgery. Berlin: Springer. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-84882-088-3.
- ^ a b Schubert, MC; Sridhar, S; Schade, RR; Wexner, SD (July 2009). "What every gastroenterologist needs to know about common anorectal disorders". World J Gastroenterol. 15 (26): 3201–09. doi:10.3748/wjg.15.3201. ISSN 1007-9327. PMC 2710774. PMID 19598294.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d Hollingshead, JR; Phillips, RK (January 2016). "Haemorrhoids: modern diagnosis and treatment". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 92 (1083): 4–8. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133328. PMID 26561592.
- ^ Ellesmore, Windsor (2002). "Surgical History of Haemorrhoids". In Charles MV (ed.). Surgical Treatment of Haemorrhoids. London: Springer.