User:Mr. Ibrahem/Gallstone
| Gallstone | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Gallstone disease, cholelith, cholecystolithiasis (gallstone in the gallbladder), choledocholithiasis (gallstone in a bile duct)[1] |
 | |
| Gallstones typically form in the gallbladder and may result in symptoms if they block the biliary system. | |
| Pronunciation |
|
| Specialty | General surgery |
| Symptoms | None, crampy pain in the right upper abdomen[2][3][4] |
| Complications | Inflammation of the gallbladder, inflammation of the pancreas, liver inflammation[2][4] |
| Usual onset | After 40 years old[2] |
| Risk factors | Birth control pills, pregnancy, family history, obesity, diabetes, liver disease, rapid weight loss[2] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms, confirmed by ultrasound[2][4] |
| Prevention | Healthy weight, diet high in fiber, diet low in simple carbohydrates[2] |
| Treatment | Asymptomatic: none[2] Pain: surgery[2] |
| Prognosis | Good after surgery[2] |
| Frequency | 10–15% of adults (developed world)[4] |
A gallstone is a stone formed within the gallbladder out of bile components.[2] The term cholelithiasis may refer to the presence of gallstones or to any disease caused by gallstones.[5] Most people with gallstones (about 80%) never have symptoms.[2][3] However, if a gallstone blocks the bile duct, a cramp-like pain in the right upper part of the abdomen, known as biliary colic (gallbladder attack) can result.[4] This happens in 1–4% of those with gallstones each year.[4] Complications of gallstones may include inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), jaundice, and infection of a bile duct (cholangitis).[4][6] Symptoms of these complications may include pain of more than five hours duration, fever, yellowish skin, vomiting, dark urine, and pale stools.[2]
Risk factors for gallstones include birth control pills, pregnancy, a family history of gallstones, obesity, diabetes, liver disease, or rapid weight loss.[2] The bile components that form gallstones include cholesterol, bile salts, and bilirubin.[2] Gallstones formed mainly from cholesterol are termed cholesterol stones, and those mainly from bilirubin are termed pigment stones.[2][3] Gallstones may be suspected based on symptoms.[4] Diagnosis is then typically confirmed by ultrasound.[2] Complications may be detected on blood tests.[2]
The risk of gallstones may be decreased by maintaining a healthy weight with exercise and a healthy diet.[2] If there are no symptoms, treatment is usually not needed.[2] In those who are having gallbladder attacks, surgery to remove the gallbladder is typically recommended.[2] This can be carried out either through several small incisions or through a single larger incision, usually under general anesthesia.[2] In rare cases when surgery is not possible, medication can be used to dissolve the stones or lithotripsy to break them down.[7]
In developed countries, 10–15% of adults have gallstones.[4] Rates in many parts of Africa, however, are as low as 3%.[8] Gallbladder and biliary related diseases occurred in about 104 million people (1.6% of people) in 2013 and they resulted in 106,000 deaths.[9][10] Women more commonly have stones than men and they occur more commonly after the age of 40.[2] Certain ethnic groups have gallstones more often than others.[2] For example, 48% of Native Americans have gallstones.[2] Once the gallbladder is removed, outcomes are generally good.[2]
References[edit]
- ^ Quick, Clive R. G.; Reed, Joanna B.; Harper, Simon J. F.; Saeb-Parsy, Kourosh; Deakin, Philip J. (2013). Essential Surgery E-Book: Problems, Diagnosis and Management: With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 281. ISBN 9780702054839. Archived from the original on 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2020-05-22.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "Gallstones". NIDDK. November 2013. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ^ a b c Lee, JY; Keane, MG; Pereira, S (June 2015). "Diagnosis and treatment of gallstone disease". The Practitioner. 259 (1783): 15–9, 2. PMID 26455113.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Ansaloni, L (2016). "2016 WSES guidelines on acute calculous cholecystitis". World Journal of Emergency Surgery : WJES. 11: 25. doi:10.1186/s13017-016-0082-5. PMC 4908702. PMID 27307785.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Internal Clinical Guidelines Team (October 2014). "Gallstone Disease: Diagnosis and Management of Cholelithiasis, Cholecystitis and Choledocholithiasis. Clinical Guideline 188": 101. PMID 25473723.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Complications". nhs.uk. Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
- ^ "Treatment for Gallstones". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. November 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-04-23. Retrieved 2018-06-06.
- ^ editors, Ronnie A. Rosenthal, Michael E. Zenilman, Mark R. Katlic (2011). Principles and practice of geriatric surgery (2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer. p. 944. ISBN 9781441969996. Archived from the original on 2016-08-15.
{{cite book}}:|last1=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, Collaborators (22 August 2015). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 386 (9995): 743–800. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4. PMC 4561509. PMID 26063472.
{{cite journal}}:|first1=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (10 January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
{{cite journal}}:|first1=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)