User:Mr. Ibrahem/Endometriosis
| Endometriosis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Endometriosis as seen during laparoscopic surgery | |
| Specialty | Gynecology |
| Symptoms | Pelvic pain, infertility[1] |
| Usual onset | 30–40 years old[2][3] |
| Duration | Long term[1] |
| Causes | Unknown[1] |
| Risk factors | Family history[2] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms, medical imaging, tissue biopsy[2] |
| Differential diagnosis | Pelvic inflammatory disease, irritable bowel syndrome, interstitial cystitis, fibromyalgia[1] |
| Prevention | Combined birth control pills, exercise, avoiding alcohol and caffeine[2] |
| Treatment | NSAIDs, continuous birth control pills, intrauterine device with progestogen, surgery[2] |
| Frequency | 10% reproductive age females[4] |
| Deaths | ~100 (2015)[5] |
Endometriosis is a condition in which cells similar to those in the endometrium, the layer of tissue that normally covers the inside of the uterus, grow outside it.[4] Most often this is on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and tissue around the uterus and ovaries; however, in rare cases it may also occur in other parts of the body.[2] The main symptoms are pelvic pain and infertility.[1] Nearly half of those affected have chronic pelvic pain, while in 70% pain occurs during menstruation.[1] Pain during sexual intercourse is also common.[1] Infertility occurs in up to half of women affected.[1] Less common symptoms include urinary or bowel symptoms.[1] About 25% of women have no symptoms.[1] Endometriosis can have both social and psychological effects.[6]
The cause is not entirely clear.[1] Risk factors include having a family history of the condition.[2] The areas of endometriosis bleed each month, resulting in inflammation and scarring.[1][2] The growths due to endometriosis are not cancer.[2] Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms in combination with medical imaging;[2] however, biopsy is the surest method of diagnosis.[2] Other causes of similar symptoms include pelvic inflammatory disease, irritable bowel syndrome, interstitial cystitis, and fibromyalgia.[1] Endometriosis is commonly misdiagnosed, and women are often incorrectly told their symptoms are trivial or normal.[6]
Tentative evidence suggests that the use of combined oral contraceptives reduces the risk of endometriosis.[7][2] Exercise and avoiding large amounts of alcohol may also be preventive.[2] There is no cure for endometriosis, but a number of treatments may improve symptoms.[1] This may include pain medication, hormonal treatments or surgery.[2] The recommended pain medication is usually a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), such as naproxen.[2] Taking the active component of the birth control pill continuously or using an intrauterine device with progestogen may also be useful.[2] Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist) may improve the ability of those who are infertile to get pregnant.[2] Surgical removal of endometriosis may be used to treat those whose symptoms are not manageable with other treatments.[2]
Endometriosis affects around 10% of females of reproductive age.[4] One estimate is that 10.8 million people are affected globally as of 2015[update].[8] Other sources estimate about 6–10% of women are affected.[1] Endometriosis is most common in those in their thirties and forties; however, it can begin in girls as early as eight years old.[2][3] It results in few deaths.[9] Endometriosis was first determined to be a separate condition in the 1920s.[10] Before that time, endometriosis and adenomyosis were considered together.[10] It is unclear who first described the disease.[10]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Bulletti C, Coccia ME, Battistoni S, Borini A (August 2010). "Endometriosis and infertility". Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 27 (8): 441–7. doi:10.1007/s10815-010-9436-1. PMC 2941592. PMID 20574791.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Endometriosis". womenshealth.gov. 13 February 2017. Archived from the original on 13 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
- ^ a b McGrath, Patrick J.; Stevens, Bonnie J.; Walker, Suellen M.; Zempsky, William T. (2013). Oxford Textbook of Paediatric Pain. OUP Oxford. p. 300. ISBN 9780199642656. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.
- ^ a b c WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board, ed. (2020). "2. Endometriosis and related conditions". Female genital tumours: WHO Classification of Tumours. Vol. 4 (5th ed.). Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer. pp. 170–173. ISBN 978-92-832-4504-9. Archived from the original on 2022-06-17. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
- ^ Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Culley L, Law C, Hudson N, Denny E, Mitchell H, Baumgarten M, Raine-Fenning N (1 November 2013). "The social and psychological impact of endometriosis on women's lives: a critical narrative review". Human Reproduction Update. 19 (6): 625–39. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmt027. PMID 23884896.
- ^ Vercellini P, Eskenazi B, Consonni D, Somigliana E, Parazzini F, Abbiati A, Fedele L (1 March 2011). "Oral contraceptives and risk of endometriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Human Reproduction Update. 17 (2): 159–70. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmq042. PMID 20833638.
- ^ Vos, Theo; Allen, Christine; Arora, Megha; Barber, Ryan M.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Brown, Alexandria; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C.; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chen, Alan Z.; Coggeshall, Megan; Cornaby, Leslie; Dandona, Lalit; Dicker, Daniel J.; Dilegge, Tina; Erskine, Holly E.; Ferrari, Alize J.; Fitzmaurice, Christina; Fleming, Tom; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Fullman, Nancy; Gething, Peter W.; Goldberg, Ellen M.; Graetz, Nicholas; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Hay, Simon I.; Johnson, Catherine O.; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Kawashima, Toana; Kemmer, Laura (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=ignored (|display-authors=suggested) (help) - ^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
- ^ a b c Brosens I (2012). Endometriosis: Science and Practice. John Wiley & Sons. p. 3. ISBN 9781444398496. Archived from the original on 2021-02-27. Retrieved 2020-08-04.