User:Mr. Ibrahem/Clonazepam

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Not to be confused with clozapine, clonazolam, or clorazolam.
Mr. Ibrahem/Clonazepam
Clinical data
Pronunciationkləʊˈnazɪpam
Trade namesKlonopin, Rivotril, others[1]
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682279
License data
Pregnancy
category
Dependence
liability		Physical: Low to moderate[3]
Psychological: Moderate to high[3]
Addiction
liability		Moderate[4]
Routes of
administration		By mouth, intramuscular, intravenous, sublingual
Drug classBenzodiazepine
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability90%
Protein binding≈85%
MetabolismLiver (CYP3A)[9]
Metabolites7-aminoclonazepam; 7-acetaminoclonazepam; 3-hydroxy clonazepam[5][6]
Onset of actionWithin an hour[7]
Elimination half-life18–60 hours[8]
Duration of action6–12 hours[7]
ExcretionKidney
Identifiers
  • 5-(2-Chlorophenyl)-7-nitro-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC15H10ClN3O3
Molar mass315.715 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • [O-][N+](C1=CC2=C(C=C1)NC(CN=C2C3=CC=CC=C3Cl)=O)=O
  • InChI=1S/C15H10ClN3O3/c16-12-4-2-1-3-10(12)15-11-7-9(19(21)22)5-6-13(11)18-14(20)8-17-15/h1-7H,8H2,(H,18,20) checkY
  • Key:DGBIGWXXNGSACT-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Clonazepam, sold under the brand Klonopin among others, is a medication used to prevent and treat seizures, panic disorder, and the movement disorder known as akathisia.[9] It is a tranquilizer of the benzodiazepine class.[9] It is taken by mouth.[9] Effects begin within one hour and last between six and twelve hours.[7]

Common side effects include sleepiness, poor coordination, and agitation.[9] Long-term use may result in tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms if stopped abruptly.[9] Dependence occurs in one-third of people who take clonazepam for longer than four weeks.[8] There is an increased risk of suicide, particularly in people who are already depressed.[9][11] If used during pregnancy it may result in harm to the baby.[9] Clonazepam binds to GABAA receptors, thus increasing the effect of the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA).[8]

Clonazepam was patented in 1960 and went on sale in 1975 in the United States from Roche.[12][13] It is available as a generic medication.[9] The wholesale cost in the developing world is between US$0.01 and US$0.07 per pill.[14] In the United States, the pills are about US$0.40 each.[9] In 2017, it was the 34th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 20 million prescriptions.[15][16] In many areas of the world it is commonly used as a recreational drug.[17][18]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Clonazepam - Drugs.com". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 2017-08-25.
  2. ^ a b "Clonazepam Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 4 May 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  3. ^ a b Pagliaro, Ann Marie; Pagliaro, Louis A. (2017). Women's Drug and Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Analysis and Reflective Synthesis. Routledge. p. PT145. ISBN 9781351618250. Archived from the original on 2020-07-28. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
  4. ^ Hupp, James R.; Tucker, Myron R.; Ellis, Edward (2013). Contemporary Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 679. ISBN 9780323226875. Archived from the original on 2020-08-12. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
  5. ^ Ebel S; Schütz H (February 27, 1977). "[Studies on the detection of clonazepam and its main metabolites considering in particular thin-layer chromatography discrimination of nitrazepam and its major metabolic products (author's transl)]". Arzneimittelforschung. 27 (2): 325–37. PMID 577149.
  6. ^ Steentoft, Anni; Linnet, Kristian (30 January 2009). "Blood concentrations of clonazepam and 7-aminoclonazepam in forensic cases in Denmark for the period 2002-2007". Forensic Science International. 184 (1–3): 74–79. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.12.004. PMID 19150586.
  7. ^ a b c Cooper, edited by Grant (2007). Therapeutic uses of botulinum toxin. Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press. p. 214. ISBN 9781597452472. Archived from the original on 2016-08-19. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help)
  8. ^ a b c Riss, J.; Cloyd, J.; Gates, J.; Collins, S. (Aug 2008). "Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics" (PDF). Acta Neurol Scand. 118 (2): 69–86. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01004.x. PMID 18384456.[dead link]
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Clonazepam". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 2015-09-05. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
  10. ^ "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  11. ^ Dodds, Tyler J. (2017-03-02). "Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature". The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. 19 (2). doi:10.4088/PCC.16r02037. ISSN 2155-7780. PMID 28257172.
  12. ^ Fischer, Jnos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 535. ISBN 9783527607495. Archived from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
  13. ^ Shorter, Edward (2005). "B". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190292010. Archived from the original on 2015-10-02.
  14. ^ "Clonazepam". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  15. ^ "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  16. ^ "Clonazepam - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  17. ^ Martino, edited by Davide; Cavanna, Andrea E. (2013). Advances in the neurochemistry and neuropharmacology of Tourette Syndrome. Burlington: Elsevier Science. p. 357. ISBN 9780124115613. Archived from the original on 2015-10-02. In several countries, prescription and use is now severely limited due to abusive recreational use of clonazepam. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help)
  18. ^ Fisher, Gary L. (2009). Encyclopedia of substance abuse prevention, treatment, & recovery. Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 100. ISBN 9781412950848. Archived from the original on 2016-08-12. frequently abused
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