User:Mr. Ibrahem/Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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"Emphysema" and "Chronic bronchitis" redirect here. For the abnormal occurrence of gas within tissue, see pneumatosis. For the long-term productive cough, see Bronchitis § Chronic bronchitis.

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Other namesChronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pulmonary emphysema
Gross pathology of a lung showing centrilobular emphysema characteristic of smoking. This close-up of the fixed, cut lung surface shows multiple cavities filled with heavy black carbon deposits.
SpecialtyPulmonology
SymptomsShortness of breath, cough with sputum production.[1]
ComplicationsAcute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[2]
Usual onsetOver 40 years old[3]
DurationLong term[3]
CausesTobacco smoking, air pollution, genetics[2]
Diagnostic methodLung function tests[4]
Differential diagnosisAsthma[3]
PreventionImproving indoor and outdoor air quality, tobacco control measures[3]
TreatmentStopping smoking, respiratory rehabilitation, lung transplantation[2]
MedicationVaccinations, inhaled bronchodilators, inhaled steroids, long-term oxygen therapy[2][5]
Frequency174.5 million (2015)[6]
Deaths3.2 million (2019)[7]

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of obstructive lung disease characterized by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow.[1][8] The main symptoms include shortness of breath and cough with sputum production.[1] COPD is a progressive disease, meaning it typically worsens over time.[9] Eventually, everyday activities such as walking or getting dressed become difficult.[3] Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are older terms used for different types of COPD.[10][11][12] The term "chronic bronchitis" is still used to define a productive cough that is present for at least three months each year for two years.[1] Those with such a cough are at a greater risk of developing COPD.[13] The term "emphysema" is also used for the abnormal presence of air or other gas within tissues.[14]

The most common cause is tobacco smoking, with a smaller number of cases due to factors such as air pollution and genetics.[2] In the developing world, one of the common sources of air pollution is poorly vented heating and cooking fires.[3] Long-term exposure to these irritants causes an inflammatory response in the lungs, resulting in narrowing of the small airways and breakdown of lung tissue.[5] The diagnosis is based on poor airflow as measured by lung function tests.[4] In contrast to asthma, the airflow reduction does not improve much with the use of a bronchodilator.[3][15]

Most cases can be prevented by reducing exposure to risk factors.[16] This includes not smoking and improving indoor and outdoor air quality.[3] While treatment can slow worsening, no cure is known.[3] Treatments include stopping smoking, vaccinations, and respiratory rehabilitation.[2][17] The initial bronchodilator is generally a LAMA, with LABAs and inhaled steroids added if needed.[17] Some people may benefit from long-term oxygen therapy or lung transplantation.[5] In those who have periods of acute worsening, increased use of medications, antibiotics, steroids, and hospitalization may be needed.[2][18]

As of 2015, COPD affected about 174.5 million people (12% of the global population).[6][19] In the United States it affects 6% of people.[17] It typically occurs in people over the age of 40.[3] Males and females are affected equally commonly.[3] In 2015, it caused 3.2 million deaths, more than 90% in the developing world,[3] up from 2.4 million deaths in 1990.[20][21] The number of deaths is projected to increase further because of higher smoking rates in the developing world, and an ageing population in many countries.[22] It resulted in an estimated economic cost of US$2.1 trillion in 2010.[23]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Vogelmeier CF, Criner GJ, Martinez FJ, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Bourbeau J, et al. (April 2017). "Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2017 Report: GOLD Executive Summary". Respirology. 22 (3): 575–601. doi:10.1111/resp.13012. PMID 28150362. S2CID 42027653.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M (April 2012). "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". Lancet. 379 (9823): 1341–51. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1000.1967. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9. PMC 7172377. PMID 22314182.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Fact sheet N°315". WHO. January 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  4. ^ a b Nathell L, Nathell M, Malmberg P, Larsson K (December 2007). "COPD diagnosis related to different guidelines and spirometry techniques". Respiratory Research. 8 (1): 89. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-8-89. PMC 2217523. PMID 18053200.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ a b c Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, Calverley P, Fukuchi Y, Jenkins C, Rodriguez-Roisin R, van Weel C, Zielinski J (September 2007). "Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 176 (6): 532–55. doi:10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO. hdl:2066/51740. PMID 17507545. S2CID 20863981.
  6. ^ a b GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  8. ^ Roversi, Sara; Corbetta, Lorenzo; Clini, Enrico (5 May 2017). "GOLD 2017 recommendations for COPD patients: toward a more personalized approach". COPD Research and Practice. 3. doi:10.1186/s40749-017-0024-y.
  9. ^ Vestbo, Jørgen (2013). "Definition and Overview". Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Vol. 187. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. pp. 1–7. doi:10.1164/rccm.201204-0596PP. PMID 22878278. Archived from the original on 2013-03-02. Retrieved 2020-07-12. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  10. ^ "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)". WHO. Archived from the original on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2019. The more familiar terms of "chronic bronchitis" and "emphysema" have often been used as labels for this condition.
  11. ^ Craig, John A. (2012). Ferri's netter patient advisor (2nd ed.). Saunders. p. 913. ISBN 9781455728268. Archived from the original on 2020-12-25. Retrieved 2020-07-12. Traditionally, two types of COPD were known as chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Most cases of COPD are a mixture of both diseases.
  12. ^ "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)". WHO. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is not one single disease but an umbrella term used to describe chronic lung diseases that cause limitations in lung airflow. The more familiar terms 'chronic bronchitis' and 'emphysema' are no longer used, but are now included within the COPD diagnosis.
  13. ^ Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (PDF). 2019. p. 13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  14. ^ Taylor, Jayne (2019). Bailliere's Dictionary E-Book: for Nurses and Health Care Workers. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 128. ISBN 9780702075643. Archived from the original on 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
  15. ^ "Asthma vs. COPD: What's the Difference?". WebMD. 2019-01-30. Archived from the original on 2019-12-26. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
  16. ^ Pirozzi C, Scholand MB (July 2012). "Smoking cessation and environmental hygiene". The Medical Clinics of North America. 96 (4): 849–67. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2012.04.014. PMID 22793948.
  17. ^ a b c Cagle SD, Jr; Landrum, LS; Kennedy, AM (June 2023). "Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Diagnosis and Management". American family physician. 107 (6): 604–612. PMID 37327161.
  18. ^ Dobler, Claudia C.; Morrow, Allison S.; Beuschel, Bradley; Farah, Magdoleen H.; Majzoub, Abdul M.; Wilson, Michael E.; Hasan, Bashar; Seisa, Mohamed O.; Daraz, Lubna; Prokop, Larry J.; Murad, M. Hassan; Wang, Zhen (25 February 2020). "Pharmacologic Therapies in Patients With Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease". Annals of Internal Medicine. 172 (6): 413–422. doi:10.7326/M19-3007. PMID 32092762.
  19. ^ Agusti, A; Böhm, M; Celli, B; Criner, GJ; Garcia-Alvarez, A; Martinez, F; Sin, DD; Vogelmeier, CF (26 May 2023). "GOLD COPD DOCUMENT 2023: a brief update for practicing cardiologists". Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society: 1–10. doi:10.1007/s00392-023-02217-0. PMID 37233751.
  20. ^ GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Mathers CD, Loncar D (November 2006). "Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030". PLOS Medicine. 3 (11): e442. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442. PMC 1664601. PMID 17132052.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  23. ^ Lomborg, Bjørn (2013). Global problems, local solutions : costs and benefits. Cambridge University Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-107-03959-9. Archived from the original on 2016-05-17. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
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