User:Mr. Ibrahem/Burn
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| Burn | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Second-degree burn of the hand | |
| Specialty | Critical care medicine, plastic surgery[1] |
| Symptoms | Superficial: Red without blisters[2] Partial-thickness: Blisters and pain[2] Full-thickness: Area stiff and not painful[2] |
| Complications | Infection[3] |
| Duration | Days to weeks[2] |
| Types | Superficial, partial-thickness, full-thickness[2] |
| Causes | Heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, friction, radiation[4] |
| Risk factors | Open cooking fires, unsafe cook stoves, smoking, alcoholism, dangerous work environment[5] |
| Treatment | Depends on the severity[2] |
| Medication | Pain medication, intravenous fluids, tetanus toxoid[2] |
| Frequency | 67 million (2015)[6] |
| Deaths | 176,000 (2015)[7] |
A burn is a type of injury to skin, or other tissues, caused by heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation.[4] Most burns are due to heat from hot liquids (called scalding), solids, or fire.[8] While rates are similar for males and females the underlying causes often differ.[5] Among women in some areas, risk is related to use of open cooking fires or unsafe cook stoves.[5] Among men, risk is related to the work environments.[5] Alcoholism and smoking are other risk factors.[5] Burns can also occur as a result of self-harm or violence between people.[5]
Burns that affect only the superficial skin layers are known as superficial or first-degree burns.[2][9] They appear red without blisters and pain typically lasts around three days.[2][9] When the injury extends into some of the underlying skin layer, it is a partial-thickness or second-degree burn.[2] Blisters are frequently present and they are often very painful.[2] Healing can require up to eight weeks and scarring may occur.[2] In a full-thickness or third-degree burn, the injury extends to all layers of the skin.[2] Often there is no pain and the burnt area is stiff.[2] Healing typically does not occur on its own.[2] A fourth-degree burn additionally involves injury to deeper tissues, such as muscle, tendons, or bone.[2] The burn is often black and frequently leads to loss of the burned part.[2][10]
Burns are generally preventable.[5] Treatment depends on the severity of the burn.[2] Superficial burns may be managed with little more than simple pain medication, while major burns may require prolonged treatment in specialized burn centers.[2] Cooling with tap water may help pain and decrease damage; however, prolonged cooling may result in low body temperature.[2][9] Partial-thickness burns may require cleaning with soap and water, followed by dressings.[2] It is not clear how to manage blisters, but it is probably reasonable to leave them intact if small and drain them if large.[2] Full-thickness burns usually require surgical treatments, such as skin grafting.[2] Extensive burns often require large amounts of intravenous fluid, due to capillary fluid leakage and tissue swelling.[9] The most common complications of burns involve infection.[3] Tetanus toxoid should be given if not up to date.[2]
In 2015, fire and heat resulted in 67 million injuries.[6] This resulted in about 2.9 million hospitalizations and 176,000 deaths.[7][11] Most deaths due to burns occur in the developing world, particularly in Southeast Asia.[5] While large burns can be fatal, treatments developed since 1960 have improved outcomes, especially in children and young adults.[12] In the United States, approximately 96% of those admitted to a burn center survive their injuries.[13] The long-term outcome is related to the size of burn and the age of the person affected.[2]
References[edit]
- ^ "Burns - British Association of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons". BAPRAS. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Tintinalli, Judith E. (2010). Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli)). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. 1374–1386. ISBN 978-0-07-148480-0.
- ^ a b Herndon D, ed. (2012). "Chapter 3: Epidemiological, Demographic, and Outcome Characteristics of Burn Injury". Total burn care (4th ed.). Edinburgh: Saunders. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-4377-2786-9.
- ^ a b Herndon D, ed. (2012). "Chapter 4: Prevention of Burn Injuries". Total burn care (4th ed.). Edinburgh: Saunders. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-4377-2786-9.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Burns". World Health Organization. September 2016. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
- ^ a b Vos, Theo; Allen, Christine; Arora, Megha; Barber, Ryan M.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Brown, Alexandria; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C.; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chen, Alan Z.; Coggeshall, Megan; Cornaby, Leslie; Dandona, Lalit; Dicker, Daniel J.; Dilegge, Tina; Erskine, Holly E.; Ferrari, Alize J.; Fitzmaurice, Christina; Fleming, Tom; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Fullman, Nancy; Gething, Peter W.; Goldberg, Ellen M.; Graetz, Nicholas; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Hay, Simon I.; Johnson, Catherine O.; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Kawashima, Toana; Kemmer, Laura (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
- ^ a b Wang, Haidong; Naghavi, Mohsen; Allen, Christine; Barber, Ryan M.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C.; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chen, Alan Zian; Coates, Matthew M.; Coggeshall, Megan; Dandona, Lalit; Dicker, Daniel J.; Erskine, Holly E.; Ferrari, Alize J.; Fitzmaurice, Christina; Foreman, Kyle; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Fraser, Maya S.; Fullman, Nancy; Gething, Peter W.; Goldberg, Ellen M.; Graetz, Nicholas; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Hay, Simon I.; Huynh, Chantal; Johnson, Catherine O.; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Kinfu, Yohannes; Kulikoff, Xie Rachel (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
- ^ "Burns Fact sheet N°365". WHO. April 2014. Archived from the original on 2015-11-10. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
- ^ a b c d Granger, Joyce (Jan 2009). "An Evidence-Based Approach to Pediatric Burns". Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice. 6 (1). Archived from the original on 17 October 2013.
- ^ Ferri, Fred F. (2012). Ferri's netter patient advisor (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. p. 235. ISBN 9781455728268. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016.
- ^ Haagsma JA, Graetz N, Bolliger I, Naghavi M, Higashi H, Mullany EC, et al. (February 2016). "The global burden of injury: incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and time trends from the Global Burden of Disease study 2013". Injury Prevention. 22 (1): 3–18. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041616. PMC 4752630. PMID 26635210.
- ^ Herndon D, ed. (2012). "Chapter 1: A Brief History of Acute Burn Care Management". Total burn care (4th ed.). Edinburgh: Saunders. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4377-2786-9.
- ^ "Burn Incidence and Treatment in the United States: 2012 Fact Sheet". American Burn Association. 2012. Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2013.