User:Mr. Ibrahem/Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Other namesMad cow disease
A cow with BSE
A cow with BSE which has lost its ability to stand.
SpecialtyVeterinary medicine
SymptomsAbnormal behavior, trouble walking, weight loss, unable to move[1]
Usual onset4–5 years after exposure[2]
TypesClassic, atypical[1]
CausesA type of prion[3]
Diagnostic methodSuspected based on symptoms, confirmed by examination of the brain[1]
PreventionNot allowing older animals to enter the food supply, disallowing certain products in animal food[4]
PrognosisDeath within weeks to months[2]
Frequency4 cases (2017)[1]

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad cow disease, is a neurodegenerative disease of cattle.[2] Symptoms include abnormal behavior, trouble walking, and weight loss.[1] Later in the course of the disease the cow becomes unable to move.[1] The time between infection and onset of symptoms is generally four to five years.[2] Time from onset of symptoms to death is generally weeks to months.[2] Spread to humans is believed to result in variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD).[3] As of 2018, a total of 231 cases of vCJD had been reported globally.[5]

BSE is thought to be due to an infection by a misfolded protein, known as a prion.[3][6] Cattle are believed to have been infected by being fed meat-and-bone meal (MBM) that contained the remains of cattle who spontaneously developed the disease or scrapie-infected sheep products.[3][7] The outbreak increased throughout the United Kingdom due to the practice of feeding meat-and-bone meal to young calves of dairy cows.[3][8] Cases are suspected based on symptoms and confirmed by examination of the brain.[1] Cases are classified as classic or atypical, with the latter divided into H- and L types.[1] It is a type of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE).[9]

Efforts to prevent the disease in the UK include not allowing any animal older than 30 months to enter either the human food or animal feed supply.[4] In Europe all cattle over 30 months must be tested if they will become human food.[4] In North America, tissue of concern, known as specified risk material, may not be added to animal feed or pet food.[10] About 4.4 million cows were killed during the eradication program in the UK.[11]

Four cases were reported globally in 2017, and the condition is considered to be nearly eradicated.[1] In the United Kingdom, from 1986 to 2015, more than 184,000 cattle were diagnosed with the peak of new cases occurring in 1993.[3] A few thousand additional cases have been reported in other regions of the world.[1] It is believed that a few million cattle with the condition likely entered the food supply during the outbreak.[1]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Casalone, C; Hope, J (2018). Atypical and classic bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Vol. 153. pp. 121–134. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-63945-5.00007-6. ISBN 9780444639455. PMID 29887132. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy". WHO. November 2002. Archived from the original on 2012-12-18. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "About BSE BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) Prion Diseases". CDC. 2 October 2018. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  4. ^ a b c "Control Measures BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) Prion Diseases". CDC. 2 October 2018. Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
  5. ^ "BSE in North America BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) Prion Diseases". CDC. 2 October 2018. Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  6. ^ "Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Questions and Answers". FDA. 22 May 2019. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  7. ^ Prusiner, Stanley B. (2001). "Neurodegenerative Diseases and Prions". New England Journal of Medicine. 344 (20): 1516–1526. doi:10.1056/NEJM200105173442006. PMID 11357156.
  8. ^ Nathanson, Neal; Wilesmith, John; Griot, Christian (1997). "Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE): Causes and Consequences of a Common Source Epidemic" (PDF). American Journal of Epidemiology. 145 (11): 959–69. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009064. PMID 9169904.
  9. ^ "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)". WHO. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  10. ^ "Feed Bans BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) | Prion Diseases". CDC. 2 October 2018. Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
  11. ^ "'All steps taken' after BSE diagnosis". BBC News. 23 October 2018. Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
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