User:Mr. Ibrahem/Autism spectrum

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Autism spectrum
Other namesAutism spectrum disorder, autistic spectrum disorder, autistic spectral disorder,[1] autism spectrum condition, autistic spectrum condition[2]
Boy stacking cans
Repetitively stacking or lining up objects is associated with autism spectrum
SpecialtyPsychiatry, clinical psychology
SymptomsProblems with communication, social interaction, restricted interests, repetitive behavior[3]
ComplicationsEmployment problems, few relationships, suicide[4]
Usual onsetBy age 2 years[3]
DurationLong-term[5]
CausesUncertain[5]
Risk factorsAdvanced parental age, exposure to valproate during pregnancy, low birth weight[3]
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms[5]
Differential diagnosisIntellectual disability, Rett syndrome, ADHD, selective mutism, childhood-onset schizophrenia[3]
TreatmentBehavioral therapy, medication[6][7]
Frequency1% of people (62.2 million 2015)[3][8]

Autism spectrum a mental disorder with onset in childhood, that includes the prior diagnosis autism and Asperger syndrome.[3] Symptoms include long-term difficulties with communication, social interaction, restricted interests, and repetitive behavior.[3] Symptoms are typically recognized before two years of age.[3] Complications may include difficulties in performing daily tasks, creating and keeping relationships, maintaining a job, and suicide.[4]

While the cause is uncertain, it is beleived to involve a combination of genetic and enviromental factors.[5] Risk factors include having an older parent, a family history of autism, and certain genetic conditions.[5] It is estimated that between 65% and 90% of risk is due to genetics.[9] Diagnosis is based on symptoms.[5] In 2013, the DSM-5 replaced the previous subgroups of autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), and childhood disintegrative disorder with the single term "autism spectrum disorder".[10][11]

While there is no cure treatment can improve outcomes.[12] Efforts are generally individualized and can include behavioural therapy and the teaching of coping skills.[5] These efforts often involve the parents and other family members.[5] Medications may be used to try to help improve some associated symptoms.[5] Evidence to support the use of medications, however, is not very strong.[7]

Autism spectrum is estimated to affect about 1% of people (62.2 million globally) as of 2015.[3][8] In the United States it is estimated to affect about 2.5% of children (about 1.5 million) as of 2016.[13] Males are diagnosed four times more often than females.[12] The term "spectrum" refers to the variation in the type and severity of symptoms.[11] Outcomes are variable, with some with mild symptoms function independently, while those with more severe symptoms requiring substantial support in their daily lives.[14][4]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Narayan, Sunil; Rao, JS Mohan; K, Nagarajan; Mohammed, Faruq; Kandasamy, Preeti; Subramaniam, Mahadevan (14 April 2020). "Non-Syndromic Autistic Spectral Disorders in Tamilian Chldren Commonly Associated with Brain imaging anomalies and Spectral EEG changes (4209)". Neurology. 94 (15 Supplement). ISSN 0028-3878. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  2. ^ Baron-Cohen S, Scott FJ, Allison C, Williams J, Bolton P, Matthews FE, Brayne C (June 2009). "Prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions: UK school-based population study". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 194 (6): 500–9. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.059345. PMID 19478287. We favour use of the term 'autism-spectrum condition' rather than 'autism-spectrum disorder' as it is less stigmatising, and it reflects that these individuals have not only disabilities which require a medical diagnosis, but also areas of cognitive strength
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i American Psychiatric Association (2013). "Autism Spectrum Disorder. 299.00 (F84.0)". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 50–59. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596. ISBN 978-0-89042-559-6.
  4. ^ a b c Howlin, P; Magiati, I (March 2017). "Autism spectrum disorder: outcomes in adulthood". Current opinion in psychiatry. 30 (2): 69–76. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000308. PMID 28067726.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Autism Spectrum Disorder". NIMH. 2018. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  6. ^ Case-Smith J, Arbesman M (2008). "Evidence-based review of interventions for autism used in or of relevance to occupational therapy". The American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 62 (4): 416–29. doi:10.5014/ajot.62.4.416. PMID 18712004.
  7. ^ a b Accordino RE, Kidd C, Politte LC, Henry CA, McDougle CJ (2016). "Psychopharmacological interventions in autism spectrum disorder". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 17 (7): 937–52. doi:10.1517/14656566.2016.1154536. PMID 26891879. S2CID 6255194.
  8. ^ a b Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
  9. ^ Tick B, Bolton P, Happé F, Rutter M, Rijsdijk F (May 2016). "Heritability of autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis of twin studies". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 57 (5): 585–95. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12499. PMC 4996332. PMID 26709141.
  10. ^ "Autism spectrum disorder fact sheet" (PDF). DSM5.org. American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  11. ^ a b Lai MC, Lombardo MV, Chakrabarti B, Baron-Cohen S (23 April 2013). "Subgrouping the autism "spectrum": reflections on DSM-5". PLOS Biology. 11 (4): e1001544. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001544. PMC 3635864. PMID 23630456.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  12. ^ a b "10 Facts about Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)". Early Childhood Development | ACF. Archived from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  13. ^ "HRSA-led study estimates 1 in 40 U.S. children has diagnosed autism". hrsa.gov. 19 November 2018. Archived from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  14. ^ Sanchack, KE; Thomas, CA (15 December 2016). "Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles". American family physician. 94 (12): 972–979. PMID 28075089.
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