User:Mr. Ibrahem/Atrial septal defect
| Atrial septal defect | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Illustration of an atrial septal defect. | |
| Pronunciation |
|
| Specialty | Cardiac surgery |
| Symptoms | None, poor ability to exercise, [shortness of breath]][2] |
| Complications | Stroke, arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension, heart failure[1] |
| Usual onset | Present at birth[1] |
| Types | Patent foramen ovale, ostium secundum defect, ostium primum defect, sinus venosus defect, coronary sinus defect[2] |
| Causes | Generally unknown[1] |
| Risk factors | Down syndrome infection with rubella during pregnancy, exposure to alcohol or cocaine during pregnancy[2] |
| Diagnostic method | Ultrasound of the heart[2] |
| Differential diagnosis | Ventricular septal defect, truncus arteriosus, total anomalous pulmonary venous return[2] |
| Treatment | Observation, surgery[2] |
| Frequency | 16 per 10,000 newborns[2] |
Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital heart defect in which there is a hole in the wall between the atria, the upper two chambers of the heart.[3] Generally there are no symptoms, though poor ability to exercise and shortness of breath may occur later in life.[2] Complications can include stroke, arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension, and heart failure.[1]
The cause is generally unknown.[1] Risk factors include certain genetic syndromes such as Down, infection with rubella during pregnancy, and exposure to alcohol or cocaine during pregnancy.[2] While a hole between the upper chambers is normal during early development, it generally closes during pregnancy or shortly after birth.[1] Diagnosis is usually by ultrasound of the heart.[2] An ASD may occur alone or with other heart defects.[4]
Small atrial septal defects (less than 5 mm) usually spontaneously close in childhood.[2] Large defects that do not close spontaneously may require surgery.[2] About 16 per 10,000 live births are affected.[2] Early descriptions are attributed to Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519).[4]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g "Congenital Heart Defects - Facts about Atrial Septal Defects | CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Menillo, AM; Lee, LS; Pearson-Shaver, AL (January 2020). "Atrial Septal Defect". PMID 30571061.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Congenital Heart Defects | NHLBI, NIH". www.nhlbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
- ^ a b Freedom, Robert M.; Yoo, Shi-joon; Mikailian, Haverj; Williams, William G. (2008). The Natural and Modified History of Congenital Heart Disease. John Wiley & Sons. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-470-98689-9.