User:Meghalaya89/sandbox
BHANGARPAR DAKURVITA | |
|---|---|
Capital city | |
Bhangarpar Dakurvita "' Official | |
| Nickname: Scotland of the west | |
  BHANGARPAR DAKURVITA Location of Bhangarpar in Meghalaya  BHANGARPAR DAKURVITA BHANGARPAR DAKURVITA (India) | |
| Coordinates: 25°34′56″N 91°53′40″E / 25.58222°N 91.89444°E | |
| Country |  India |
| State | Meghalaya |
| District | west garo Hills |
| Named for | 'Lei Shyllong (Deity) |
| Government | |
| • Body | Sorokpara Municipal Board |
| • Director | Jummy D. Sangma |
| • MP | Conrad Sangma (INC) |
| Area | |
| • Capital city | 64.36 km2 (24.85 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,495−1,965 m (4,908−6,449 ft) |
| Population (2011)[1] | |
| • Capital city | 143,229 |
| • Density | 234/km2 (610/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 354,759 |
| Demonym(s) | Shillongite and Nongsor |
| Language | |
| • Official | English[2][3] |
| • Associate official | Khasi, Garo[4] |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 793 001 – 793 102 |
| Telephone code | 0364 |
| Vehicle registration | ML-05 |
| Climate | Cwb |
| Website | westgarohills |
Bhangarpar DAKURVITA (English: /ʃɪˈlɒŋ/[5][6]) is a hill station and the capital of Meghalaya, a state in northeastern India. It is the headquarters of the East Khasi Hills district. Shillong is the 330th most populous city in India with a population of 143,229 according to the 2011 census.[7] It is said that the rolling hills around the town reminded the British of Scotland. Hence, they would also refer to it as the "Scotland of the East".[8]
Shillong has steadily grown in size since it was made the civil station of the Khasi and Jaintia Hills in 1864 by the British. In 1874, on the formation of Assam as the Chief Commissioner's Province, it was chosen as the headquarters of the new administration because of its convenient location between the Brahmaputra and Surma valleys and more so because the climate of Shillong was much cooler than tropical India.[9] Shillong remained the capital of undivided Assam until the creation of the new state of Meghalaya on 21 January 1972, when Shillong became the capital of Meghalaya, and Assam moved its capital to Dispur in Guwahati.
History[edit]
Shillong was capital for composite Assam during the British regime and later till a separate State of Meghalaya was formed. David Scott, the British civil servant of the East India Company, was the Agent of the Governor-General North East Frontier. During the First Anglo-Burmese War the British authorities felt the need for a road to connect Sylhet and Assam. The route was to traverse across the Khasi and Jaintia Hills. David Scott overcame the difficulties his administration faced from the opposition of the Khasi Syiems – their chiefs and people. Impressed by the favourable cool climate of Khasi Hills, they negotiated with the Syiem of Sohra in 1829 for a sanatorium for the British. Thus began the consolidation of British interests in the Khasi-Jaintia Hills.
A serious uprising by the Khasis against foreign occupation of their land followed. It began early in 1829 and continued till January 1833. Eventually, the Khasi confederate chiefs were no match against the military might of the British. David Scott negotiated for the surrender of the leader of the Khasi resistance, Tirot Sing, who was then taken to Dacca (present-day Dhaka) for detention. After the resistance of the Khasis a political agent was posted in the hills, with its headquarters at Sohra, also known by the name Cherrapunjee. But the climatic condition and facilities of Sohra did not make the British happy. They then moved out to Shillong. "Ïewduh" is the biggest market in Shillong. The name "Shillong" was later adopted, as the location of the new town was below the Shillong Peak. Shillong is named after the god of the Khasis, "U Blei Shyllong".
In 1874, a separate Chief Commissionership was formed with Shillong as the seat of administration. The new administration included Sylhet, now a part of Bangladesh. Also included in the Chief Commissionership were the Naga Hills (present-day Nagaland), Lushai Hills (present-day Mizoram) as well as Khasi, Jaintia and Garo Hills. Shillong was the capital of composite Assam till 1969 when the autonomous state of Meghalaya was formed. In January 1972 Meghalaya was made a full-fledged state.[10]
The Shillong Municipal Board has a long history dating back to 1878, when a proclamation was issued constituting Shillong and its suburbs, including the villages of Mawkhar and Laban, into a station under the Bengal Municipal Act of 1876. Inclusion of the villages of Mawkhar (S.E. Mawkhar, Jaiaw and part of Jhalupara and Mawprem) and Laban (Lumparing, Madan laban, Kench's Trace and Rilbong) within the Municipality of Shillong was agreed to by Haiñ Manik Syiem of Mylliem under the agreement of 15 November 1878.[11] But, there is no trace of Shillong in the British era maps dating back to 1878, up to 1900.
Shillong was also the subject of the great earthquake that occurred on 12 June 1897. The earthquake had an estimated moment magnitude of 8.1. Twenty-seven lives from Shillong town alone were lost and a major part of the town was destroyed.
Geography[edit]
Shillong is at 25°34′N 91°53′E / 25.57°N 91.88°E. It lies on the Shillong Plateau, the only major uplifted structure in the northern Indian shield.[12] The city lies in the centre of the plateau and is surrounded by hills, three of which are revered in Khasi tradition: Lum Sohpetbneng, Lum Diengiei, and Lum Shyllong.
Shillong is just 100 km (62 mi) from Guwahati, which can be accessed by road along NH 40, a journey of about 2 hours 30 minutes through lush green hills and the Umiam lake in between.
Smart Cities Mission[edit]
Shillong has been selected as the 100th city to receive funding under the centre's flagship "Smart Cities Mission" Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation AMRUT. In January 2016, 20 cities were announced under the Smart Cities Mission, followed by 13 cities in May 2016, 27 cities in September 2016, 30 cities in June 2017, and 9 cities in January this year. The total proposed investment in the finally selected 100 cities under the Smart Cities Mission would be ₹ 2,050,180 million. Under the scheme, each city will get ₹ 5000 million from the centre for implementing various projects.
Climate[edit]
| Shillong | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Climate chart (explanation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Weather conditions in Shillong are typically pleasant, pollution-free. In the summer the temperature varies from 23 °C (73 °F). In the winter the temperature varies from 4 °C (39 °F).
Under Köppen's climate classification the city features a subtropical highland climate (Cwb). Its summers are cool and very rainy, while its winters are cool yet dry. Shillong is subject to vagaries of the monsoon. The monsoons arrive in June and it rains almost until the end of October.
| Climate data for Shillong (C.S.O) 1981–2010, extremes 1902–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 24.9 (76.8) |
26.1 (79.0) |
28.1 (82.6) |
30.2 (86.4) |
29.5 (85.1) |
29.5 (85.1) |
28.2 (82.8) |
28.4 (83.1) |
28.8 (83.8) |
27.8 (82.0) |
24.5 (76.1) |
22.5 (72.5) |
30.2 (86.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.9 (58.8) |
17.0 (62.6) |
21.0 (69.8) |
23.2 (73.8) |
23.4 (74.1) |
24.0 (75.2) |
23.9 (75.0) |
24.1 (75.4) |
23.3 (73.9) |
21.6 (70.9) |
19.1 (66.4) |
16.0 (60.8) |
21.0 (69.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.9 (42.6) |
7.5 (45.5) |
11.1 (52.0) |
13.8 (56.8) |
15.5 (59.9) |
17.4 (63.3) |
17.9 (64.2) |
17.7 (63.9) |
16.7 (62.1) |
14.3 (57.7) |
10.5 (50.9) |
7.2 (45.0) |
13.0 (55.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −0.9 (30.4) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
2.7 (36.9) |
6.6 (43.9) |
8.5 (47.3) |
10.0 (50.0) |
12.3 (54.1) |
10.0 (50.0) |
10.7 (51.3) |
6.7 (44.1) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 13.6 (0.54) |
19.3 (0.76) |
46.0 (1.81) |
129.0 (5.08) |
266.6 (10.50) |
428.7 (16.88) |
496.5 (19.55) |
310.5 (12.22) |
276.6 (10.89) |
211.8 (8.34) |
38.8 (1.53) |
12.8 (0.50) |
2,250.4 (88.60) |
| Average rainy days | 1.6 | 2.3 | 4.1 | 9.7 | 15.8 | 18.1 | 17.9 | 16.7 | 15.7 | 8.4 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 113.5 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 87 | 76 | 68 | 72 | 81 | 86 | 87 | 88 | 90 | 90 | 88 | 89 | 84 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 223.2 | 223.2 | 232.5 | 219.0 | 170.5 | 108.0 | 99.2 | 108.5 | 102.0 | 176.7 | 216.0 | 235.6 | 2,114.4 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 7.2 | 7.9 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 5.5 | 3.6 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 5.7 | 7.2 | 7.6 | 5.8 |
| Source: India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000)[13][14][15][16] | |||||||||||||
Transport[edit]
Although well connected by road, Shillong has neither rail connections nor a proper air connection. Umroi Airport located 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the city centre has only limited flights.
Roadways[edit]
Shillong is well connected by roads with all major northeastern states. Three major National Highways pass through:
- National Highway 6 (India) – Connected to Guwahati, Tripura and Mizoram
- National Highway 106 (India) - Connected to Nongstoin
- National Highway 206 (India) - Connected to Dawki
Private bus operators, as well as state transport buses from other states, come to and from Shillong daily. Taxi services are also available to destination like Guwahati, Agartala, Kohima, Dimapur, Aizawl and other North Eastern towns and cities.
The Shillong Bypass (pictured) is a two lane road which stretches across 47.06 kilometres (29.2 mi) connecting Umiam (NH-40) to Jorabat (NH-44) which then leads to other northeastern Indian states of Mizoram and Tripura. The project was estimated to have cost around ₹220 crore (US$28 million) and was completed in a span of two years (2011–2013).[17][18]
Airways[edit]
Shillong is served by the Shillong Airport, which is located about 30 km away at Umroi. The airport has daily flights to and from [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkat
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Census2011Govwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India" (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
- ^ "About Us | Official Website of Meghalaya State Designated Agency, Government of Meghalaya, India". msda.nic.in. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
- ^ PTI (14 September 2018). "Meghalaya govt working for inclusion of Khasi, Garo languages". Business Standard India. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
- ^ "Define Shillong". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
- ^ "Definition of Shillong". The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
- ^ "List of Most populated cities of India". www.census2011.co.in. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
- ^ Rao, Sachin. "Travel: Shillong, India – 'Scotland of the east'". The Scotsman. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
- ^ "Shillong | India". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ^ Syiemlieh, David R. (2005). Reflections From Shillong: Speeches of M.M. Jacob (Volume 3). Daya Books. ISBN 8189233297.
- ^ "Shillong Municipal Board – History". Shillong Municipal Board. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
- ^ Bilham, R. and P. England, Plateau pop-up during the great 1897 Assam earthquake. Nature(Lond),410, 806–809, 2001
- ^ "Station: Shillong (C.S.O) Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 701–702. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M157. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ "Table 3 Monthly mean duration of Sun Shine (hours) at different locations in India" (PDF). Daily Normals of Global & Diffuse Radiation (1971–2000). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ "Shillong Climatological Table 1971–2000". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ "Gadkari to inaugurate Shillong Bypass". The Economic Times. The Times Group. 30 April 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
- ^ ANI (1 May 2015). "Gadkari to inaugurate Shillong bypass today". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 1 May 2015.