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I will be back in my sandbox soon. You can look at my toy box and talk to me while I play in my sandbox, but Please don't break anything or take it home with you. I do try to clean up before I go home, but I often leave some loose pieces of unfinished projects here. Thanks.---Marcus 16:25, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

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Species Recovery Program (India)

Endangered Nilgiri tahr

Critically endangered Bengal florican

Critically endangered Kashmir red deer (Hangu)

Critically endangered Indian Vultures in nest, Orchha, MP

Endangered South asian river dolphin (Ganges dolphin)

Critically endangered Gharial crocodile

The Species recovery program in India was initiated in September, 2012 by India's Ministry of Environment and Forests for saving 16 critically endangered species and their habitats. The ‘Recovery Plans’ are species-oriented projects with a flagship species at their apex. It covers the prey base, habitats, ecotypes and biomes of the species. This approach is useful in landscapes and biomes that are currently not adequately covered or protected under the existing Protected areas of India system.

History

In 2011, the Ministry had prepared a detailed list of 57 critically endangered species. It was not possible to focus on saving all 57 species together; so at the September 5, 2012 meeting of the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) chaired by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, the ministry began the species recovery programme as part of the new Centrally Sponsored Scheme entitled Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats (IDWH).

In his speech at the meeting, the Prime minister stated in part: "One of the issues that has been raised at our meetings (of the NBWL) is the importance of conserving endangered species other than large mammals like the tiger. As you are aware the government initiated a new Centrally Sponsored Scheme entitled Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats to focus, among other things, on the need to ensure better protection of wildlife outside the protected areas and initiate recovery programmes for saving critically endangered species."

Funding and implementation of the program needs to be further strengthened. The ministry has requested the Planning Commission to increase support for the species recovery program from Rs 730 million to Rs 6 bn.

Species

Sixteen animal species along with their habitats have been included for assistance under the IDWH scheme. These species have been selected for increased protection:

1. Asiatic lion (EN)
2. Dugong (V), Corals and Marine turtles
3. Edible-nest swiftlet (A. f. inexpectatus) (LC) - Andaman and Nicobar Islands
4. Gangetic dolphin (EN)
5. Indian bison (Gaur) (V)
6. Great Indian Bustard (including Florican) (CR)
7. Indian Vulture (CR)
8. Jerdon's Courser (CR) (bird),
9. Kashmir stag (Hangul) (CR)
10. Malabar large-spotted civet (CR)
11. Nicobar Megapode (V)
12. Nilgiri tahr (EN)
13. Manipur deer (Sangai) (EN)
14. Great one horned or Indian Rhinoceros (V)
15. Snow leopard (EN)
16. Swamp deer (Barasingha) (V)

Bengal tigers (EN) and Indian elephants (EN) are already included in established protection and recovery programs, Project Tiger and Project Elephant. Conspicuously not included in the Species recovery program are Gharial (CR) (crocodile),

Recovery programmes for saving critically endangered species and habitats

Species recovery programmes start with identification and formulation of ‘Recovery Plans’ for the most-critically endangered species and their habitats. This would start with the determination of the current status of the distribution of species and preparation of annual conservation action plans for five years in collaboration with reputed scientific institutes. The program would support conservation actions based on the approved ‘Recovery Plans’.

The following programmes are initially proposed under the IDWH Species Recovery Program.

• Snow Leopard and the high-altitude Himalayas
• Bustard (including Floricans) and Grasslands
• Dolphin and River Systems
• Hangul and alpine grasslands
• Nilgiri Tahr, ridge forests and shola-grassland ecosystems in the Western Ghats
• Marine turtles, dugongs and coral reefs & mangroves
• Edible-nest Swiftlet and forests of the Andaman archipelago
• Asian Wild Buffalo and grasslands and riverine forests of central and north India
• Nicobar megapode and the littoral forests of the Nicobar Islands
• Manipur Brow-antlered deer and floating water bodies and grasslands
• Vultures
• Malabar civet and low elevation moist forests in the west coast of peninsular India
• The great one-horned or Indian rhinoceros and terai grasslands
• Asiatic Lion
• Swamp deer

Moyar River Gorge

Moyar River Gorge
Moyar River Gorge Sigur Plateau, Tamil Nadu
Floor elevation	700–400 m (2,300–1,300 ft)
Length	30 km (19 mi) W-E
Width	.5–3.5 km (0.31–2.17 mi)
Depth	140–500 m (460–1,640 ft)
Geography
Coordinates	Tamil Nadu 11°36′22″N 76°43′53″E

Moyar River Gorge, also called the Moyar Canyon or 'the ditch', is a dramatic 30 km (19 mi) long canyon in Nilgiri District, Tamil Nadu state in South India. It was eroded from the Sigur Plateau by the Moyar River, which plunges into the head of the gorge below Theppakadu village in a roaring waterfall popularly known as Moyar Falls.

It is notable that the areas immediately adjacent and parallel to and at the head and foot of the the gorge are important wildlife corridors in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve maintaining connectivity between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats to sustain Indian Elephant and Bengal Tiger metapopulations and their genetic diversity.

Location

Map of Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, showing Moyar Gorge (south of Talamalai Reserve Forest) in relation to multiple contiguous protected areas

The Moyer Gorge is located at along the lower and northern edge of the Sigur Plateau. Is forms the border with Mysore District in Karnataka state where it ajoins the higher northern edge of the Talamalai Reserve Forest and Bandipur National Park on the Mysore Plateau. It is bordered on the west by Mudumalai National Park, on the east by the Sathyamangalam Wildllife Sanctuary and the south by Nilgiris North Forest Division.

Description

In geological terms the Moyar Gorge is a Precambrian shear zone between the Sigur Plateau and the Mysore Plateau.

The gorge starts slowly about 1.6km down stream from the Theppakadu bridge. Continuing east about 3km, is Moyar Falls, a cascade waterfall where the gorge depth increases and the river flows north for about 500m. At this point the gorge is only about .5km wide and 140m deep.

The Gorge proceeds east-southeast with steep slopes on either side of the meandering river for 30 km to the foot of the gorge. The first habitation is the Mangalapatti Special Task Force (STF) police camp which is serviced by a road. At this point the gorge is its largest, being 3.5km wide at the top and 500m deep. Here the gorge ends.

The Moyer River valley then gets wider. 8km east on the STP road is Thengumarahada (Tamil:தெங்குமரஹடா) village inside the last remnants of the gorge. Proceeding about another 9km on the road, the valley opens up more, passes Gulithorapatti village, goes another 2km to Gajarhatti village and after another 3km reaches Kallampalayam Junction. After 14 km of passing Susil Kuttaia village, agricultural fields and the north side of Bhavani Sagar Reservoir, the road reaches the Bhavanisagar Dam. The Bhavani River begins below the dam.

Kaniyanpura Wildlife Corridor

The major mammal inhabitants of the Moyar Reserve Forest are Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, Indian elephant, Indian bison, Sambar deer, spotted deer, sloth bear, mouse deer, and wild dogs.

The Moyar Valley is a geographical chokepoint that links three major parts of the Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve. namely; the areas to the north of the Sigur plateau (Mudumalai NP to Nagerhole National Park and beyond), the areas to the south of the Sigur plateau (Coimbatore Division and west to Silent Valley National Park and Nilambur) and the Eastern Ghats (Sathyamangalam Division, BRT Sanctuary to Bannerghatta National Park).

A strip of Deccan thorn scrub forests along the north top side of the Morar Gorge is the only wildlife corridor where the world's single largest metapopulation of Asian elephants can cross between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats. This gorge is key to their family ties, protecting their genetic diversityand the only link to their traditional pathways of seasonal travel. The leading Asian Elephant biologist, Raman Sukumar, who identified this corridor, says that this is one of the three most important elephant corridors in India.

Scientists have named it the Kaniyanpura Corridor after a village of the same name near the narrowest point. At the corridor was only 100 m (330 ft) wide, with an elephant-proof trench on the north side and the steep slopes of the Moyar Gorge on the other. Private land intruding on the corridor was purchased with funding from Project Elephant, Government of India and transferred to the Bandipur National Park. The elephant proof trench was re-aligned along northern edge of this constriction in the corridor. This increased the corridor’s width from the earlier 50 m to about 500 m.

On the south side of the gorge, obstruction of the free movement of elephants is caused penstocks and trolley lines between the Singara Power House and Moyar power houses and the flume channel connecting the two.

Moyar Power Plant

The Moyar hydro-electric power house at is at the bottom of the Moyar gorge 9.5km downstream of the Moyar Falls at an elevation of 609 meters. It is operated by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board. Installed capacity of the power house is 36MW. It has 3 Water turbine-electrical generator sets, each with 12MW output capacity. Water is supplied by 3 above ground pipes from the 446.25 cusec capacity Moyar Forebay Dam at from an elevation of 900 m which is in turn supplied by Maravakandy Dam and Pyakara power house tail race. A major source of water to the Moyar River in the Moyar Gorge below the power plant during the dry season is the Moyar Forebay Dam.

Moyar View Point

Rangaswamy Peak and Pillar towering over Moyar Gorge, as seen from Moyar View Point

The best location for the casual visitor to have a bird’s eye view of Moyar Gorge is the Moyar View Point (also known as Kodanad View Point).

The view point presents an aerial view of the Moyar Gorge. On clear days the Sigur and Mysore Plateaus are clearly visible. To the east one can see the steep inclines of the gorge leading to the meandering Moyer River at the bottom. The backwaters of Bhavani Sagar dam and the village of Thengumarada can be seen deep down at the end of the gorge.

At night the view point gives a spectacular view of the night lights of Mysore city, about 100 Kms away. The lean and tall pinnacles at the edge of the horizon are various peaks of the Nilgiri Hills and the Western Ghats.

A few Toda tribal peoples' settlements can be seen on the way and one gets a chance to see a real Toda temple. This route is a good viewing opportunity for for bird watchers and nature enthusiasts. The road also passes through some tea plantations.

There is a trekking trail to Thengumarada, the village 35km down the valley from the view point. To reach the view point from Kotagiri, drive along the Mettupalayam road for 1 km to a road which turns left, leading to Moyar view point. There is bus service to Moyar View Point from Kottagiri every 1 hour which reaches the view point in 45 Minutes.

External sources

• Photos, Moyar Falls
• Video, 1:03, Moyar Falls

Tiger conservation in India

Tiger Conservation in India is led by the Govt. of India sanctioned “Project Tiger. Project Tiger was approved on April 1, 1973 to promote conservation of theendangered Royal Bengal Tiger. Project Tiger has been the largest single species wildlife conservation initiative of its kind in the world.

Several Non-governmental organizations (NGO) have since grown to play an active and important role in advocating for, educating about and implementing tiger conservation projects in India.

Several notable individuals have taken a leading role in implementating various aspects of tiger conservation, including the Honorable Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi - The Saviour of Indian Tigers, Jim Corbett, George Schaller,Alan Rabinowitz, Kailash Sankhala, Fateh Singh Rathore, Belinda Wright, Bittu Sahgal, K. Ullas Karanth andPrerna Singh Bindra.

Government role

A tigress, and possible descendant of Sita and Charger in Bandhavgarh National Park

On the basis of the recommendations of National Board for Wild Life chaired by Indira Gandhi, a Task Force was set up to look into the problems of tiger conservation in the country. The urgent recommendations of the Task Force were as follows:

• Reinvigorate the constitution of governance.
• Strengthen efforts towards protection of tiger, checking poaching, convicting wildlife criminals and breaking the international trade network in wildlife body parts and derivatives.
• Expand the undisturbed areas for tiger by reducing human pressure.
• Repair the relationship with local people who share the tigers habitat by fielding strategies for coexistence.
• Regenerate the forest habitats in the fringes of the tigers protective enclaves by investing in forest, water and grassland economies of the people.

Considering the urgency of the situation, Project Tiger was empowered as a statutory authority titled National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) September 4, 2006. The NTCA was created when The Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2006 came into force on that date

The NTCA is set up under the Chairmanship of the Minister for Environment and Forests. The Inspector General of Forests is in charge of project Tiger, The NTCA facilitates and supports management of the 41 Tiger reserves of India by the state in which each reserve resides as per approved management plans, Funding of the tiger reserves is shared by the states and Project Tiger.

The NTCA addresses ecological and administrative concerns for conserving tigers, by providing a statutory basis for protection of tiger reserves. It provides strengthened institutional mechanisms for the protection of ecologically sensitive areas and endangered species. The Authority also monitors and enforces compliance with legal statutes for tiger conservation. It administers placement of motivated and trained Indian Forest Service officers having high achievement record to be Field Directors of the Tiger reserves of India. It also facilitates capacity building of officers and staff posted in tiger reserves and oversees a well scheduled staff development plan.

NGO's

Several International, national and local NGO's play an active and important role in tiger conservation projects in India. Some of them are:

• Indian Tiger Welfare Society organizes seminars, distributes pamphlets and indulges in extensive internet activism to Save The Tigers.
• Nature Conservation Foundation , monitors tiger and their prey populations in the Malenad-Mysore Tiger Landscape in the Western Ghats.
• Panthera, Asia Tiger Program
• Sanctuary Asia is India's first and one of its leading environmental news magazines,

thumb|150px|[http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/priority_species/royal_bengal_tiger/work_for_tiger/WorldWideFund for Nature-India]

• Save Tigers Now, a global campaign by World Wildlife Fund and film starLeonardo DiCaprio
• Save the Tiger Fund (STF), established by the U.S. National Fish and Wildlife Foundation in 1995 to support the worldwide conservation of wild tigers.
• Tigers Forever is a partnership of Save the Tiger Fund and Panthera, the world’s two most influential tiger conservation organizations. Between 1995 and 2009, STF issued 336 grants totaling 17.3 million dollars across the 13 existing tiger range states.
• Tiger Watch augments the resources of the Forest Department to combat various problems faced in the management ofRanthambhore Tiger Reserve
• Wildlife Conservation International, assists local research, capacity building, government consulting, and conservation action.
• Wildlife Protection Society of India, combats poaching and illegal wildlife trade.
• World Wide Fund for Nature-India (WWF) works to secure critical corridors needed for movement of tigers between tiger reserves and other forests.

Tigers database

3 year-old male named Baccha (Hindi: Child) residing in Ranthambhore tiger reserve, is believed to be grandson of Macchli jr.

• Reserve name:...,
  • T#:..., Tname:..., Status:..., Photo:...
• Bandhavgarh
• Corbett,
  • Khali, Dominant 10 year old male. 1.3 times larger than most males, died by Nov 2010,Khali
• Panna, T1, one of the two tigresses brought to Panna from Bandhavgarh and Kanha in March 2009
  • T2, one of the two, now has two semi-adult 21-month-old male offspring, Jan 2012
  • T3, Male brought along with T1 and T2
• Ranthambhore,
  • T16, Machli, 11 cubs, mother of T17, crocodile killer, died after Sept 2010, [2]
  • T17, Machli's daugther from Last Litter, Oct, 2011, T17, Nov, 2010T17
  • T19, Sharmili, With 3 cubs, Oct 2011 T19+3

Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (India)

On July 13,2011 the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation was separated from the Ministry of Rural Development (India) and named the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation. Jairam Ramesh is the Minister of Drinking Water and Sanitation.

References

• National Rural Employment Guarantee Act website

See also

• District Rural Development Agencies (India)
• NREGS (Kerala)

Kannimara teak

Kannimara teak

Adyar Banyan tree

Adyar Banyan tree

Location map

Idamalayar Dam and Reservoir

class=notpageimage|

Idamalayar Dam and Reservoir in Kerala, India

User:Marcus334/Sandbox (Vandalur Zoo)
suburb
User:Marcus334/Sandbox Location in Chennai, India
Coordinates: 12°52′54″N 80°05′32″E
Country	India
State	Tamil Nadu
District	Kancheepuram
Metro	Chennai
Established	1855 (as Madras Zoo) 1985 (in current location)
Languages
• Official	Tamil
Time zone	UTC+5:30 (IST)
# animal species	170
# animals	1,657
Annual visitors	800,000
Area	Zoo: 510 hectares (1,260 acres) Rescue and Rehabilitation Center:92.45 hectares (228 acres) Total: 602 hectares (1,488 acres)
Website	www.aazoopark.gov.in

Karikkiyur rock paintings

Karikkiyur rock paintings

Sri Venkateswara National Park

Sri Venkateswara National Park needs major expansion

Pambar Shola

The Pambar Shola is a high-altitude stunted evergreen forest with uniquely high biodiversity. It is perched on the edge of the escarpment located at Kodaikanal, Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu, South India. This unusual habitat is threatened by human encroachment and pollution. It is now reduced to less than 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) in circumference.

Location

This shola is located at elevation of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) at . It forms the headwaters of the Pambar Stream, a tributary of the Vaigai River, an important source of drinking water and food fish in Madurai District. Contiguous to this shola is a slope, now declared as a "Kurinji Preservation Plot" by the Tamilnadu Forest Department . This slope is the best preserved in the entire Palni hills for the famous indigenous plant Kurinji (Strobilanthes kunthiana) that flowers only once in 12 years.

Flora

Ceropegia sp.

This forest contains several rare and endemic plant species including: Sonerila pulneyensis: a delicate succulent herb endemic to Pambar Shola, Hoya wightii ssp. pulneyensis: a succulent vine with waxy flowers endemic to Pambar Shola', Plectranthus bourneate: a succulent herb endemic to Pambar Shola, Trichoglottis tenera: an epiphytic orchid. Pambar Shola is its major habitat, Phyllanthus chandrabosei: a shrub endemic to Pambar Shola, Huperzia sp.: a fern ally endemic to Pambar Shola, Selaginella sp.: a delicate creeping fern endemic to Pambar Shola, Psydraxficiformis: a tree, until recently thought extinct, Salicifolia salicifolia: only one clump known on the Palni hills, Cyathea crinita: tree fern, highly endangered (Botanical Survey of India), Aeschynanthus perrottetii: known only from one other shola in the Palni hills, Eulophia sp.: a new species for the Palni hills first collected in April 2000, Actinodaphne bourneae: a Laurel tree believed extinct (Botanical Survey of India). Two trees found in Pambar Shola, Ceropegia thwaitesii: vine, vulnerable, endemic to Pambar shola, Pimpinella pulneyensis: scarce and Exacum anamallayannum: a gentian, with only one other known location in the Palni hills.

Other recent discoveries in the Pambar area include a Eulophia-like orchid (BSTB 212, flower) with a single yellow-flowered inflorescence and narrow grass-like leaves, and the fern Pellaea boivini not previously reported from the Palnis. The most exciting discovery was the tree, Elaeocarpus blascoi (BSTI3 215), only once collected from a single known specimen, and presumed extinct for many years.

Threat remediation

Wood cutting

Up until the late 1980's the forests of Pambar shola were being destroyed by local populations on both sides and wood cutting gangs serving the rapidly growing urban market of Kodaikanal. Firewood accounted for most of the cutting, but timber quality trees were also being processed, leaving the forest floor exposed to intense sun and subsequent weed invasion. The most common of these, an introduced species from South America considered a noxious weed, named Ageratina adenophora syn. Eupatorium, became established here in the 1940’s, aggressivey colonizing the disturbed land.

Over the next several years the Vattakanal Organisation for Youth, Community and Environment (VOYCE) successfully implemented a program to produce and plant seedlings of several species of shola trees in the Pambar shola. By 1993, 16,000 saplings had been planted. There was then enough woody biomass around the village to ensure that the villagers no longer needed to exploit the Sholas. This habitat enrichment with shola species was particularly pertinent as ecological succession and self-regeneration favours a few pioneer species, most notably Daphniphyllum neilgherrense. The bright green spring foliage of this tree can be seen coming up everywhere around the previously disturbed areas of Pambar Shola.

Garbage dumping

Pambar Shola has been polluted by mountains of garbage that was dumped directly above it. In 2000, the Vattakanal Conservation Trust organized a cleaning of Pambar Ravine. This was successful, however big rains of the North East monsoon later brought down heaps more from the uphill settlements, and a follow-up cleaning was necessary. It was clear that the shola could not be kept clean without a generalised solution for the whole township. Subsequently, after successful lobbying by all involved, Kodaikanal was declared a "No Plastics" zone through a ban on poly-bags and plastic disposable cups "written into law by" the Collector. The Tamil Nadu Forest Department has since fenced the upper area most vulnerable to human intrusion.

Mercury pollution

In 2002, Hindustan Unilever estimated that it had discharged more than 1.3 tons of toxic mercury into the Pambar Shola in addition to contributing more than 366 kg of mercury to the soil within their old mercury thermometer factory site immediatly uphill of {ambar Shola. Unilever declared they would clean-up the contamination to Dutch residential standards of 10 milligrams per kilogram of soil.

The factory lies entirely within the Pambar shola watershed. All rain that falls on the factory grounds drains out into the Pambar Shola and Pambar Stream. The Pambar Stream eventually joins the Vaigai River - an important source of drinking water and food fish. Elemental mercury changes into the highly toxic methyl mercury in aquatic environments, and accumulates to dangerous levels in fish from whom it passes up to humans who eat the fish. The kelluthi, a kind of catfish; Viral, Butter fish and Kendai , a kind of Carp, are caught in the Vaigai River and are in demand as a delicacy of the Tamil kitchen, far more expensive on the daily market then sea-fish.

External sources

• Sign at Pambar Shola Photo

• Bison at Pambar Shola Photo

Angus Finlay Hutton

Angus Finlay Hutton is notable for his discovery in the High Wavy Mountains in South India of the world's rarest snake Hutton's Pit Viper) named in his honour and the world's rarest fruit bat Salim Ali's fruit bat, named for his oldest Indian scientific friend and mentor Salim Ali. He has completed much research and several publications on the mammals and snakes of Southern India.

Personal history

• Volunteer Profile.doc Angus Finlay Hutton, FZS, FRES. Honorary Life member WBBCC

• profile.html

• profile.pdf with color photos

Zoology and Entomology

• Murina huttonii (Peters, 1872) Hutton's Tube-nosed Bat Least Concern
• NOTE ON A COLLECTION OF SNAKES FROM SOUTH INDIA, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE SNAKE FAUNA OF THE MEGHAMALAI HILLS (HIGH WAVY MOUNTAINS)

Allinagaram reserve forest

The Allinagaram grove in the Theni district, Tamil Nadu, South India was found to support four wild varieties of mango. The medicinal tree Terminalia arjuna found in this sacred grove, with a girth of about 10 metres (33 ft), may be one of the oldest living tree species.a giant Terminalia arjuna tree in Melpattu village, whose trunk can hold across its perimeter, six pairs of outstretched hands.

Kodai forest

Title: Forest vegetation characteristics of Indian hills (Palni Hills, S. India). [3] Personal Authors: Bir, S. S., Chatha, G. S. Author Affiliation: Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India. Editors: No editors Document Title : Forest vegetation characteristics of Indian hills (Palni Hills, S. India)., 1988

Abstract: This book is the result of a 4-yr intensive survey in 1980-84 of the Palani (Palni is an incorrect old transliteration) Hill forests of Tamil Nadu, and forms part of a Ph.D. dissertation by Chatha under the supervision of Bir. An introductory section gives a brief literature survey and describes the location, geology, soil and climate of the area surveyed. The area under particular study was that around Kodaikanal, which provides an opportunity to study the flora from the foothills up to alt. 2200 m. It has several dense forests; of particular interest are the sholas' which characterize the vegetation at high alt. and represent an unexplored reservoir of wild germplasm. There has been much forest degradation in the area since 1982 because of clearing for eucalyptus planting and agriculture (particularly banana cultivation). After the introduction, the book has 3 parts, with 4 appendices, which are followed by 104 plates. First is a general account of the vegetation of the Palani Hills (pp. 7-32) which can be broadly grouped into 3 types: tropical dry deciduous up to 600 m alt.; tropical semi-evergreen (mixed moist deciduous) from 600 to 1200 m; and montane temperate >1800 m. Second, the vegetation in and around Kodaikanal Lake is briefly described. Thirdly, there is a floristic account of the Palani Hill forests themselves. Five major groups and 10 forest types (given in parentheses) are described with details on individual forests: I, Tropical thorn forests (southern Euphorbia scrubs, southern thorn scrubs and southern thorn forests); II, Tropical dry deciduous forests (southern dry mixed deciduous forests and dry bamboo brakes); III, Tropical moist deciduous forests (southern moist mixed deciduous forests); IV, Tropical wet evergreen forests (southern hill top tropical evergreen forests); and V, Montane wet temperate forests (southern montane wet temperate forests, southern montane wet scrubs and southern montane wet grasslands). The appendices provide detailed species information in tables: I, Information about phenology, distribution and uses of polypetalous woody taxa of Palni Hills (pp. 37-81); II, Information about phenology, distribution and uses of the woody taxa of Gamopetalae and Monochlamydeae from Palni Hills (82-114); III, Some of the rare and endangered species of Palni Hills (115-118); and IV, Some of the introduced and acclimatized species of the Palni Hills (119-121).

Publisher: Today and Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers

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User:Marcus334/Sandbox (Vandalur Zoo)
suburb
User:Marcus334/Sandbox Location in Chennai, India
Coordinates: 12°52′54″N 80°05′32″E
Country	India
State	Tamil Nadu
District	Kancheepuram
Metro	Chennai
Established	1855 (as Madras Zoo) 1985 (in current location)
Languages
• Official	Tamil
Time zone	UTC+5:30 (IST)
# animal species	170
# animals	1,657
Annual visitors	800,000
Area	Zoo: 510 hectares (1,260 acres) Rescue and Rehabilitation Center:92.45 hectares (228 acres) Total: 602 hectares (1,488 acres)
Website	www.aazoopark.gov.in

National Park of India TAWFAs: The Art of Writing Featured Articles by User:Nichalp

History

• Citation templates:
• Conversion templates

1 metre (3.3 ft) , 2 °C (36 °F) , 3 km² (1.2 sq mi)

• Ida Scudder:

Geography

Directory of Cities and Towns in Tamil Nadu

• Birdlife International IBA Sites search
• Central location: 8°39′N 77°23′E.
• Ornothological Gazateer

Climate

"cite web" (Document). {{cite document}}: Cite document requires |publisher= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |url=, |work=, |format=, and |accessdate= (help)

Fauna

• Thirteen Years Among the Wild Beasts of India: Their Haunts and Habits from Personal Observation
• Mammalian Species Systematic List

Flora

Search the Web Search forests.tn.nic.in Search tn.gov.in Search tn.nic.in

Administration

• Tamil Nadu Forest Dept.

Conservation management

• Wildlife Institute of India

Further information

• The Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia By Edward Balfour, Published by B. Quaritch, 1885, Item notes: vol.2 H-NYSA, P583, Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized Jan 29, 2008
• Encyclopesia Britannica 1911

External links

Link check: Link check

• {{inuse}}
• {{Fact}}
• {{redirect}}

, {{GeoSouthAsia}}, Template: GeoSouthAsia,

Location map

Mumbai

Chennai

Delhi

Kolkata

Bangalore

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Metropolitan cities of India

Coimbatore District, Udumalaipettai Block, Anamalai R.F. [4]

Wikimapia-Manjampatti Valley[5], Kukkal, falling rain[6] ACME Mapper[7]

Misc

• State convener, L. Antonysamy, said the Government should carefully expand tourism in protected areas. The Hindu, Tuesday, Tamil Nadu - Dindigul ,Jul 27, 2004.`Efforts must to protect Western Ghats' flora, fauna'
• The Tamil Nadu Environment Council, 98A Kootturavu nagarOpp. Beschi College, Dindigul - 624 005 Tamil Nadu Phone: + 91 451 431 909.
• S Antony Swamy, State co-ordinator, Tamilnadu Environment Council (TNEC), the programme unit of the Centre for Environment and Development Alternatives (CEDA) Trust member of: Social Watch India/Tamil Nadu the Social Watch process and the MDG Goals will have to be linked to the local issues. This will enable the citizens to own the social watch process and question the government about the promises and what actually has been delivered.