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Cretan Civil War (220 BC)
Date	220 BC
Location	Crete
Territorial; changes	Cnossian defeat, most of Crete comes under Macedonian influence
Belligerents
Cnossus, ; Gortys, ; Cydonia, ; Rhodes, ; Aetolian League	Polyrrhenia, ; Lyttos, ; Lappa, ; Macedonia, ; Achaean League
Commanders and leaders
	Plator of Illyria, ; Philopoemen
Strength
unknown Cretan forces, ; 1000 Aetolians, ; 6 Rhodian ships	unknown Cretan forces, ; 400 Illyrians, ; 200 Achaeans, ; 100 Phocians

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The Cretan Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the year 220 BC between two coalitions of Cretan city-states, led by Cnossus and Polyrrhenia respectively. The events of the war are related by the historian Polybius.^[1]

Prelude[edit]

Prelude to the conflict in Crete was the commercial war between the cities of Rhodes and Byzantium about the toll introduced by the Byzantines for all ships passing through the Bosporus on their way to the Pontus Euxinus. Posing a huge threat to Hellenistic trade, the conflict was ended in 220 BC with a compromise.^[2]

Outbreak[edit]

In Crete during the same period the allied cities of Cnossus and Gortys had reduced the whole island under their power, except for the Spartan colony of Lyttos which alone resisted. When the Rhodian navarch Polemocles returned from the war against Byzantium, the Cnossians thought that he could be helpful in their efforts against their last enemy. So they asked the Rhodians for assistance and Polemocles arrived with three decked and three undecked ships.

Soon after his arrival, however, the people of Eleutherna accused him of the assassination of their citizen Timarchus, and as a reaction they declared war on the Rhodians.

Meanwhile the Cnossians and their allies had moved against Lyttos, but then for some unknown reason the alliance broke up and the Cretans began to quarrel with each other. Thus the cities of Polyrrhenia and Lappa, along with some minor people, defected from the Cnossians and allied with the Lyttians.^[3]

Civil War[edit]

In Gortys the citizens were divided on the question of alliance and a civil war broke out. The elder Gortynians remained loyal to Cnossus, while the younger Gortynians favoured the Lyttians.^[4]

Aetolian Intervention[edit]

Taken by surprise by the sudden reverse, the Cnossians asked the Aetolian League for help. The Aetolians were already present in Cydonia and sent 1000 warriors in assistance.

After their arrival the elders in Gortys led the Cnossians and the Aetolians to occupy their citadel and proceeded to kill or expel their younger opponents. The young Gortynians took refuge in the port of Phaistos on the southern coast. Later the young Gortynians in Phaistos launched a bold attack against the port of Gortys, which they occupied, and then they used the position to besiege their opponents in Gortys itself.^[5]

Destruction of Lyttos[edit]

While the Cnossians were occupied at Gortys, the Lyttian warriors left their city to invade the enemy territory. The Cnossians, however, got intelligence of their plan and took the opportunity to invade the undefended city of Lyttos, capturing all women and children and razing the place to the ground. When the Lyttians returned from their expedition, they were shattered and decided to abandon their devastated homes. Thus they settled in Lappa, and the Lappians hosted them with regard.^[6]

Macedonian Intervention[edit]

While these things happened in Crete, on the Peloponnese tensions had risen between the Achaean League and the Aetolian League. As a result, in 220 BC the Social War (220-217 BC) broke out, in which the Macedonian king Philip V was a major ally of the Achaeans.

The Polyrrhenians then used the Aetolian interference in Crete as an argument to ask Philip and the Achaeans for assistance against their common enemy. The Achaeans and Macedonians accepted them as allies and sent a mercenary force to the island, consisting of 400 Illyrians under Plator, 200 Achaeans and 100 Phocians.^[7]

With these reinforcements, the Polyrrhenians made great progress in their efforts. Moving against Eleutherna, Cydonia and Aptera they quickly forced these cities to abandon their Cnossian allies and enter the opposite coalition.^[8]

Thus the Cnossians, in short time, lost not only most of their allies, but also their hegemony over the island. Nevertheless they were still able to assist the Aetolian allies with 1000 archers in their war on the continent. The Polyrrhenians on the opposite side did the same by sending 500 Cretans to Philip V.^[9]

Outcome[edit]

The war continued for several years, but the further narration by Polybius is lost. Generally, the war went favourable for the enemies of Cnossus. Thus the Aetolians were expelled from the island and by 214 BC the Achaean leader Aratus of Sicyon could say that Philip V of Macedon enjoyed the faith of the Cretans and his ships ruled the Cretan Sea, while most of the island obeyed his command.^[10]

Among the mercenary leaders fighting on the island was a young Arcadian named Philopoemen, who acquired great fame and experience which would serve him well in his later years as leader of the Achaean League.^[11]

The Lyttians eventually returned to their homes and rebuilt their city on a nearby hill.^[12]

The conflict over Crete was renewed in 205 BC, when Philip V of Macedon used the island as a base for naval raids against the Rhodians. In the Cretan War (205–200 BC) Philip's major allies in Crete were the cities of Hierapytna and Olous. Toward the end, when the Romans entered the coalition against Macedon, the Cnossians sided again with the Rhodians and forced Hierapytna to surrender. As a result, the Rhodians took control over eastern Crete which allowed them to largely stamp out piracy in the area. Following the Second Macedonian War, in 197 BC, Philip V lost all former allies and all possessions outside Macedonia proper.

Notes[edit]

^ Polybius, The Histories, IV 53-55
^ Polybius, IV 43-52.
^ Polybius, IV 53.
^ Polybius, IV 53, 7.
^ Polybius, IV 53, 8-10 and 55, 6.
^ Polybius, IV 54.
^ Polybius, IV 55, 1-2.
^ Polybius, IV 55, 3-4.
^ Polybius, IV 55, 5.
^ Plutarch, Aratus, 50.
^ Plutarch, Philopoemen, 7.
^ Florence Gaignerot-Driessen, p. 285-297.

Sources[edit]

Polybius, The Histories, IV 53-55
Florence Gaignerot-Driessen, The 'killing' of a city: a destruction by enforced abandonment, in: Jan Driessen (ed.), Destruction: Archaeological, Philological and Historical Perspectives, Presses universitaires, Louvain, 2013

Category:Hellenistic Crete Category:Wars involving ancient Greece Category:3rd-century BC conflicts Category:3rd century BC in Greece

[1] Polybius, The Histories, IV 53-55

[2] Polybius, IV 43-52.

[3] Polybius, IV 53.

[4] Polybius, IV 53, 7.

[5] Polybius, IV 53, 8-10 and 55, 6.

[6] Polybius, IV 54.

[7] Polybius, IV 55, 1-2.

[8] Polybius, IV 55, 3-4.

[9] Polybius, IV 55, 5.

[10] Plutarch, Aratus, 50.

[11] Plutarch, Philopoemen, 7.

[12] Florence Gaignerot-Driessen, p. 285-297.

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v t e Ancient Greek wars
Archaic	First Messenian War Lelantine War Second Messenian War Lydian–Milesian War First Sacred War Sicilian Wars
Classical	Greco-Persian Wars Aeginetan War Wars of the Delian League Third Messenian War First Peloponnesian War Second Sacred War Samian War Second Peloponnesian War Phyle Campaign Corinthian War Boeotian War Wars of the Theban hegemony Theban–Spartan War Social War (357–355 BC) Third Sacred War Foreign War Expansion of Macedonia Wars of Alexander the Great
Hellenistic	Lamian War Wars of the Diadochi Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations Seleucid–Mauryan war Pyrrhic War Syrian Wars Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese Chremonidean War Seleucid–Parthian Wars Cleomenean War Lyttian War Social War (220–217 BC) Macedonian Wars (First, Second, Third, Fourth) Cretan War Roman–Seleucid War Aetolian War War against Nabis Galatian War Maccabean Revolt Seleucid Dynastic Wars Achaean War Mithridatic Wars (First, Second, Third) War of Actium
Military history