User:Kodiak Blackjack/sandbox

Kodiak Blackjack/sandbox
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Cichliformes
Family:	Cichlidae
Genus:	Parachromis
Species:	P. managuensis
Binomial name
Parachromis managuensis (Günther, 1867)
Synonyms
Parachromis gulosus Agassiz, 1859 (ambiguous synonym) Heros managuensis Günther, 1867 Cichlasoma managuense (Günther, 1867) Cichlasoma managueuse (Günther, 1867) Cichlosoma managuense (Günther, 1867) Herichthys managuense (Günther, 1867) Nandopsis managuense (Günther, 1867)

Parachromis managuensis (/ˌpærəˈkrəʊmɪs məˈnæɡuˈɛnsɪs/), commonly known as the jaguar cichlid or jaguar guapote, is a large, predatory species of cichlid fish native to freshwater and estuarine wetlands throughout Central America.

• found from Honduras to Costa Rica.
• it's also an invasive species
• the jaguar cichlid is popular in the aquarium trade

Taxonomy

Etymology and naming history

The specific name, managuensis, refers to Lake Managua in Nicaragua, from which the holotype specimen was obtained.

it is variously known as the jaguar cichlid, managuense cichlid, managua cichlid, Aztec cichlid, spotted guapote and jaguar guapote. In Costa Rica, it is known as the "guapote tigre."

• Parachromis gulosus (Agassiz, 1859)
• was considered part of genus Cichlasoma

P. managuensis was first described in 1867 by Albert Günther.

Evolutionary history

• The closest relative of P. managuensis is the wolf cichlid (Parachromis dovii), and together they form the managuensis group. The two species diverged roughly 7.8 million years ago (Mya).

Parachromis	Loiselle's cichlid (P. loisellei)  False yellowjacket cichlid (P. motaguensis)  Yellowjacket cichlid (P. friedrichsthalii)  Jaguar cichlid  Wolf cichlid (P. dovii)

Description

A male Parachromis managuensis, characterized by its prominent black chin spots and slightly-pronounced nuchal hump.

P. managuensis is a robust fish with a silvery or golden-green to purple colour, with a darker moss green shade at the dorsum. The sides show a purple iridescence and the belly is whitish or yellowish. A series of several large black dots then run horizontally along the lateral line area. The fins are often a dark to black coloration, especially when in spawning coloration. The most distinguished feature is a black stripe than run from the eye to the opercular margin. Males grow to a total length of 65 centimetres (26 in) and females to 40 centimetres (16 in). The female also lacks the elongated extensions to the dorsal fins.

• sexually dimorphic

Distribution and habitat

The natural distribution of P. managuensis goes from the Ulúa River in Honduras to the Matina River basin in Costa Rica. However, it has been introduced in other countries in Central America, as well as in the United States, as a food source, for aquarism and to control fish populations.

P. managuensis inhabits lakes and prefers turbid waters with mud bottoms and is tolerant to eutrophic and hypoxic conditions. It prefers turbid, eutrophic lakes, often found in warm water depleted of oxygen. Its native substrate is mud-bottoms, but it can also be found in ponds and springs with sandy bottoms covered in plant debris. The species inhabits lakes in a tropical climate and prefers water with a 7.0–8.7 pH, a water hardness of 10–15 dGH, and a temperature range of 25 to 36 °C (77 to 97 °F).

In Nicaragua

• prevalent in Apoyo Lagoon Natural Reserve (Lake Apoyo), feeds on smaller fishes including sardines; competes with Amphilophus zaliosus and the introduced Gobiomorus dormitor for food. the latter also consumes P. managuensis's fry

Ecology and behavior

Hunting and diet

• P. managuensis is a hypercarnivore.
• Juvenile jaguar cichlids tend to prey upon insects and small fish.
• An adult's prey volume will consist of almost entirely other fish.
• something something pharyngeal jaws

Reproduction

A female Parachromis managuensis guarding its spawn.

• lays eggs or something of that nature

• This species is capable of hybridizing with Parachromis dovii.

Parasites

• Acusicola margulisae, a parasitic copepod found to infest the gills of P. managuensis in Lake Asososca, León, Nicaragua
• Posthodiplostomum macrocotyle, parasitic flatworm found to infect the muscles of P. managuensis in Puerto Rico
• Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) rebecae, a parasitic nematode found to infest the intestines of P. managuensis in Lake Apoyo
• Sciadicleithrum mexicanum, a parasitic monogenean found to infest the gills of P. managuensis in the Makantaca River of Nicaragua

As an invasive species

• limited by its susceptibility to cold temperatures, lower lethal temperature of 12 °C (54 °F) restricts it to the southern half of peninsular Florida
• thrives in geothermal springs, such as Lake Hévíz in Hungary and Boiler Spring, Utah

Australia

• Queensland, Australia
• In December 2014, the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (DAF) had received reports indicating the presence of jaguar cichlids in a stormwater retention dam in Fursden Creek, Mackay, Queensland. This was quickly confirmed by a field survey conducted in January 2015.
• January 8th, 2015, in Hyde Park, Perth.

Recorded prey items include the eel-tailed catfish (Tandanus tandanus),

Brazil

• source 1
• source 2
• source 3

Hungary

• Lake Hévíz

United States

Florida

The first record of Parachromis managuensis being found in Florida waters dates back to July 1992, when a local angler reported catching two in a small (0.2 ha) pond in Miami-Dade County. Of particular concern to Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) officials at the time was this pond's intermittent connection to the Miami Canal (C-6) through a small roadside ditch, which could allow an established population of the cichlids to spread and proliferate throughout Southern and Central Florida in short order. In response, FWC officials closed off the pond and eradicated its local fish population through the application of rotenone. Afterwards, officials collected 39 deceased specimens from the pond, with total lengths ranging from 52–299 mm (2.0–11.8 in), indicating the cichlids had already begun to establish a successful breeding population.

Recorded prey items in Florida include western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), oscars (Astronotus ocellatus), spotted tilapia (Pelmatolapia mariae), and the black acara (Cichlasoma bimaculatum). Cannibalism is also known to occur.

Relationship with humans

In the aquarium

P. managuensis was first imported to the United States in 1964.

• prefers temperatures of 74.3–80.6 °F (23.5–27.0 °C), and pH around 7.5
• minimum tank size of 50 US gal (190 L) for a single adult, 65 US gal (250 L) for a species pair; highly territorial and should not be kept with other species (this seems small as hell - find another source. also it's totally fine hybridizing and they make no mention of this)
• shelter should be provided in the form of rocks, driftwood, clay pots, and PVC pipes; plant decor will be uprooted
• occupies the bottom to middle of a tank
• will breed readily in captivity, may consume fry

Recreational fishing

• Feb 1st, 1993 - Murray Stanford catches a 370 millimetres (15 in) specimen weighing in at 850 grams (1.87 lb) in Little River Canal, Miami-Dade County, Florida. FWC reports this as the state record for the jaguar cichlid in 1994
• current International Game Fish Association (IGFA) record in the United States is 50 centimetres (20 in) and 1.67 kilograms (3.7 lb), caught in Kendale Lakes, Florida by William T. Porter in 2006

Conservation status

Parachromis managuensis is listed as a least-concern species on the IUCN Red List . Its native range overlaps with several protected areas, including the Maquenque National Wildlife Refuge in Costa Rica.