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The list of construction methods are the process and technique used in the construction process. The construction method is very important for civil engineers, because the correct method can achieve perfect construction results. Construction methods are very important for students majoring in civil engineering. When an engineer builds a residential building, he/she should even understand the building method and even the foundation of the building. Building refers to the creation of physical structures such as buildings, bridges or railways. There are four types of buildings, and all residential building methods (RCC reinforced concrete buildings) are the easiest to study. In residential buildings, there are five main stages, such as foundations, formwork, scaffolding, concrete work and reinforcement.

Background

Construction states to the creation of physical structures such as buildings, bridges, or railways. Construction is a high-risk activity, which managed from procurement, according to the design process and to the end of the construction stage. According to the project supervisor design process, everyone must appreciate their role who involved in a building project. It describes as project supervisor design process (PSDP), designer, project supervisor construction stage (PSCS), contractor and employees.

The meaning of the construction is connected with construction work, structure, project and construction.
In RCC, formwork construction is also important. Formwork is used to create a temporary mold which concrete is poured and formed. Traditional formwork is made with timber, but it can also be constructed from steel, reinforced plastics and other materials.

For the brickwork, bricks are small rectangular blocks that can be used to form parts of buildings, typically walls. Before 7,000 BC, the earliest bricks were formed from hand-molded mud and dried the sun. During the Industrial Revolution, mass-produced bricks became a common alternative to stone, which could be more expensive, less predictable and more difficult to handle. Bricks are still in common use today for the construction of walls and more complex features such as columns, arches, fireplaces, and chimneys. They remain common because they are small and easy to handle,strong in compression, durable and low maintenance. They can be built up into complex shapes and can be visually attractive.

Types of construction

Four types of construction are residential building, institutional and commercial building, specialized industrial construction, Infrastructure and heavy construction.

Residential Construction

Building construction is usually further divided into residential and non-residential (commercial/institutional).

Foundation

foundation construction

Foundations provide support for structures, transferring their load to layers of soil or rock that have sufficient bearing capacity and suitable settlement characteristics to support them. There are four types of foundation depending on the bearing capacity. Depending on the bearing capacity, Civil engineers can determine foundation types that are suitable for.

Construction methods for foundation (Residential Construction)

Foundations provide support for structures, transferring their load to layers of soil or rock that have sufficient bearing capacity and suitable settlement characteristics to support them.

There are a very wide range of foundation types, depending on considerations such as:

• The nature of the load requiring support.
• Ground conditions.
• The presence of water.
• Space availability.
• Accessibility.
• Sensitivity to noise and vibration.

Shallow foundation

Shallow foundation

Shallow foundations are used where the loads forced by a structure. These are low relative to the bearing capacity of the surface soils. Deep foundations are needed where the bearing capacity of the surface soils is not acceptable to support the loads forced by a structure. Those loads need to be transferred to deeper layers with higher bearing capacity.

Raft or mat foundation

Raft foundations are slabs that cover a wide area, often the entire footprint of a building, They are suitable where ground conditions are poor and to create individual strip or pad foundations for a large number of individual loads. Raft foundations may combine beams to get additional support for specific loads.

Pile foundation

Pile foundations are rectangular or circular pads used to support loads such as columns.

Strip foundation

Strip foundations provide a continuous strip of support to a linear structure such as a wall. Trench fill foundations are a variation of strip foundations. The trench excavation is almost completely filled with concrete. Rubble trench foundations are a further variation of trench fill foundations and are a traditional construction method which uses loose stone or rubble to minimise the use of concrete and improve drainage.

Formwork construction

Formwork is used for the process of creating a temporary mould into which concrete is poured and formed.Traditional formwork is fabricated using timber, but it can also be constructed from steel, glass fibre reinforced plastics and other materials.

Formwork for beams takes the form of a three-sided box which is supported and propped in the correct position and to the desired level. The removal time for the formwork will vary with air temperature, humidity and consequent curing rate. Typical striking times are as follows (using air temperature of 7-16 ºC):

Form work

• Beam sides: 9-12 hours.
• Beam soffits: 8-14 days.
• Beam props: 15-21 days.

This consists of a vertical mould of the desired shape and size of the column to be poured. As a means of keeping the formwork material thickness to a minimum, horizontal steel or timberclamps (or yokes) are used at equal centers for batch filling and at varying centers for filling that is completed in one pour.

The head of the column formwork can be used to provide support for the beam formwork even though this gives good top lateral restraint it can make the formwork complex. The column can be cast to the underside of the beams. A collar of formwork can be held around the cast column to complete the casting and support the incoming beam formwork.

False work

Falsework construction

Falsework consists of temporary structures used in construction to support a permanent structure. False work need to have accurate calculation.

Bar Bending in construction

Rebar

For rebar placing, rebar is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used in reinforced concrete and masonry structures to strengthen and hold the concrete in tension. The surface of rebar is often patterned to improve the quality of the bond with the concrete. Rebar is necessary to compensate while concrete is strong in compression. It is relatively weak in tension. It can support tensile loads and increase overall strength by casting rebar into concrete.

Concrete work in construction

construction site workers loading water, sand, ballast and cement into a concrete mixer

Concrete is often used in commercial buildings and civil engineering projects, but much less commonly used in residential home construction. The strength of concrete (a mix of cement and water plus an aggregate such as sand or stone) means it can support a great deal of weight. It can mainly supported steel bars known as rebar.

Insulating concrete forms (ICFs) are used for home construction in certain areas of the US, and are made by pouring concrete in between rigid panels, often made out of polystyrene foam. Rebar can provide additional strength internally, and the exterior panels remain in place once the concrete sets.It is very necessary to check the levels of foundation before concrete work. There are patches where excavated depth slightly exceeds and vice versa. Level the foundation base to same level.

Brick work in construction

Brick work

Bricks can be laid standing upright, stretchers which laid lengthwise along the wall or headers which laid width wise along the wall. Bricks are laid with a mortar joint bonding them together. The profile of the mortar joint(pointing) can be varied depending on exposure or to create a specific visual effect. The most common profiles are; flush (rag joint), bucket handle, weather struck, weather struck and cut, and recessed.

The bonding pattern describes the alignment of the bricks. There are a large number of standard bond patterns, including Stretcher bond. Each stretcher (brick laid length-wise) is offset by half a brick relative to the course above and below of english bond. Stretchers and headers are laid with the alternating courses aligned to one another. American common bond is similar to the English bond but with one course of headers for every six stretcher courses.English cross bond is concerned courses of stretchers and headers, but with the alternating stretcher courses offset by half a brick.Flemish bond is alternating stretchers and headers in each course.Header bond is courses of headers offset by half a brick.Stack bond is bricks laid directly on top of one another with joints aligned. This is a fundamentally weak bond and is likely to require reinforcement.Garden wall bond is three courses of stretchers then one course of headers.Sussex bond is three stretchers and one header in each course.