User:Katangais/sandbox/BRDM-1

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BRDM-1
BRDM-1 of the Polish People's Army, 1970s.
TypeArmored scout car
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
Used bySee Operators
WarsSix-Day War
Yom Kippur War
Soviet–Afghan War
Angolan Civil War
Uganda–Tanzania War
Production history
DesignerV.K. Rubtsov
V. A. Dedkov[1]
Designed1954[2]
ManufacturerGorky Automobile Plant (GAZ)[1]
Produced1957 – 1966[1]
No. built10,000[1]
VariantsSee Variants
Specifications
Mass5.6 tonnes (6.2 short tons; 5.5 long tons)[3]
Length5.7 m (18 ft 8 in)[4]
Width2.25 m (7 ft 5 in)[4]
Height1.9 m (6 ft 3 in) (hull)[4]
Crew2 (driver, gunner) + 3 passengers[5]
ArmorWelded steel

12mm (hull front and sides)[5]

8mm (hull roof)[5]
4mm (hull floor)[5]
Main
armament
7.62mm SGMB machine gun (1,250 rounds)[3]
EngineGAZ-40P six-cylinder in-line liquid-cooled petrol[4]
90 hp (67 kW) at 3,400 rpm[4]
Power/weight20 hp/tonne (14.9 kW/tonne)[4]
Transmission4P IR x2 Single dry plate clutch[5]
Ground clearance0.31m[3]
Fuel capacity150 litres[3]
Operational
range
500 km[3]
Maximum speed 80 km/h (40 mph)[3]

The BRDM-1 (Bronirovannaya Razvedyvatelnaya Dozornaya Mashina, or "Armoured Reconnaissance Patrol Vehicle") is a Soviet amphibious armoured scout car. It was developed during the late 1950s to replace the BTR-40 in service with the reconnaissance regiments of the Soviet Army. The first prototypes appeared in 1956 and serial production commenced the following year. The BRDM-1 was the first purpose-built wheeled reconnaissance vehicle to be adopted by the Soviet Army since the BA-64 of World War II fame. To simplify logistics and production costs, it utilised a number of automotive and chassis components adopted directly from the BTR-40.

The BRDM-1 introduced a number of features then unique to wheeled armored vehicles, namely two pairs of chain-driven auxiliary wheels, which were normally carried in a retracted position but could be lowered to assist traction. The vehicle was also fitted with a central tyre pressure regulation system which allowed crews to adjust tyre pressure depending on the terrain being crossed. It was fully amphibious, incorporating a boat-shaped hull with a single waterjet at the rear. A trim vane and bilge pumps were fitted to each BRDM-1 as standard to assist with the flotation process.

About 10,000 BRDM-1s were produced for the Soviet Army between 1957 and 1966, with another 1,500 being produced for export to the armies of various Warsaw Pact member states. The Soviet Army began to dispense with its BRDM-1s during the 1970s, and sold a number of second-hand examples to its military allies in the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa, where they continued to see active service. The BRDM-1 was superseded in production by an updated mark known as the BRDM-2, which was very similar to the original design, albeit with a rear-mounted engine and fully enclosed turret.

Development history[edit]

Background[edit]

The somewhat mediocre performance of the Red Army's preexisting heavy armoured cars in the reconnaissance role led to the development of the first purpose-built Soviet scout car, the BA-64, during World War II.[6] Towards the end of the war, the Soviet Union began experimenting with the concept of a single modular wheeled armoured vehicle design to standardise its diverse fleet of armoured cars. The BA-64 was modified for a wide variety of roles beyond its original purpose, including an improvised tank destroyer and an armoured personnel carrier.[7] However, few of these modified BA-64s progressed beyond the prototype stage due to the limitations of the chassis and hull combination.[8] In the postwar era, the requirement for a multipurpose armoured car became more urgent as pressure mounted on the Soviet Army to mechanise its infantry formations.[9] A new design bureau, the Dedkov OKB, headed by V.A. Dedkov, an engineer at the Gorky Automobile Plant (GAZ), was formed in 1947 to begin work on this programme.[9] Soviet officials wanted a vehicle capable of fulfilling the roles of a general transporter, scout car, mobile command post, and fire support vehicle.[9] The Dedkov OKB obligingly designed the BTR-40, which was accepted for service in 1949.[10]

The BTR-40 did not perform exceptionally well in the reconnaissance role.[10] Its profile was considered too large for an effective scout vehicle, and it was not amphibious.[10] Water crossing capabilities were considered important for combat vehicles as the Soviet Union possessed a large number of small rivers and lakes, particularly on its western borders.[11] By 1954, the Soviet Army had reverted to its earlier trend of recognising a unique niche for purpose-built scout cars and issued a requirement for a specialised reconnaissance vehicle based on the BTR-40, but with an amphibious hull.[2] Other specifications included a carrying capacity of five troops, a road speed of at least 80 kilometres per hour, and a road range of at least 500 kilometres.[2]


During World War II and the immediate postwar period, the Soviet Union and a number of countries embraced the concept of purpose-built armored scout cars designed to provide protection and moderate fighting capability to reconnaissance units.[12] A few nations, such as the United States, rejected the same concept because they found armored reconnaissance vehicles to be counterproductive in reducing situational awareness and encouraging their crews to emulate tank tactics.[13] Others, such as France, explicitly adopted heavily armed and armored reconnaissance vehicles because their respective doctrines encouraged aggressive reconnaissance.[14] The Soviet scout cars, by contrast, were lightly armed and armored, making them effective in the role of passive reconnaissance while still providing protection under cover for the crew.[12] They were still capable of undertaking more aggressive forms of reconnaissance when deployed in concert with more heavily armed combat vehicles.[12]

Throughout the postwar era, the Soviet Army had initially used the BA-64 in the scout car role; however, the growing obsolescence of that design led to its replacement by the BTR-40, which was designed as a general purpose transporter and armored car.[15] Soviet dissatisfaction with the BTR-40 in the scout car role led to design work being initiated on a new purpose-built scout car in 1954.[15] The Soviet Army specified an amphibious armored vehicle able to accommodate a crew of five, with a road speed of around 80 kilometres per hour and a road range of at least 500 kilometres.[15] In 1956, the Dedkov OKB Design Bureau produced a prototype which utilized the automotive and chassis components of the BTR-40 but incorporated an entirely new, boat-shaped hull with amphibious capability.[15] A number of modifications also had to be made to the engine placement, gearbox, transmission, and axles of the original BTR-40 design to accommodate the new hull.[15] This received the designation BTR-40P and was first trialed by the Soviet Army in the Black Sea that year.[15] The vehicle was accepted for service in 1957 as the Boyevaya Razvedyvatelnaya Dozornaya Mashina (BRDM).[15]

Service history[edit]

In Soviet service, the new BRDMs were attached on the divisional level and deployed for screening and long-range probing actions.[12] During the 1960s and 1970s, the scout cars were complemented in Soviet reconnaissance battalions by specialized variants of the BMP-1 infantry fighting vehicles, which were able to reconnoiter much more aggressively and engage hostile armor as needed.[12] About 10,000 BRDMs were built for the Soviet Army and another 1,500 for export, primarily to East Germany, where it received the designation SPW-40P, and the People's Republic of Poland.[15] The vehicle was criticised for its light armour and the vulnerability of its front-mounted engine compartment during combat, as well as its open top, which exposed the crew to enemy fire when operating the weapons systems.[15] This was partly rectified by the introduction of an improved variant in 1958, which had a hermetically sealed fighting compartment and an overpressure system, reducing the threats from fragments and allowing the crew to reconnoiter contaminated environments.[15] However, it remained impossible to operate the vehicle's weapons system from within the hull.[15] This and other shortcomings prompted Soviet engineers to begin work on a new model of the BRDM capable of carrying the same turret as the BTR-60 armored personnel carrier.[15] The latest mark had the engine compartment shifted to the rear and was considerably more mobile; it entered service as the BRDM-2 during the mid-1960s.[15] The earlier BRDM design was redesignated BRDM-1 in Soviet service and remained in use until the late 1970s, when it was retired.[15]

The Soviet Army exported many second-hand BRDM-1s to its military allies, particularly in Africa, from 1966 to 1980.[16] Both Egypt and Syria deployed BRDM-1s during the Six-Day War; a number of these vehicles were captured by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) during that conflict and subsequently reused in unconventional operations.[17] Egyptian and Syrian BRDM-1s were deployed again during the Yom Kippur War, albeit in smaller numbers, having been largely superseded by the more modern BRDM-2.[17] Several captured Egyptian or Syrian BRDM-1s were transferred to the United States for evaluation purposes during the late 1970s by the Israeli government.[17] The Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) deployed a number of BRDM-1s during the Angolan Civil War.[17] Ugandan BRDM-1s were deployed against Tanzanian forces in Kampala during the Uganda–Tanzania War.[17]

By 2000, the BRDM-1 only remained in service with the armies of eleven nations and was almost wholly confined to the reserve role.[18] In 2016, less than 200 BRDM-1s were believed to remain in service worldwide.[19]

Description[edit]

A swimming Polish BRDM-1 and PT-76 light tank during an amphibious exercise. Notice the raised trim board in the front of the vehicle.

The vehicle's most unusual feature is the four additional chain-driven belly wheels, which are lowered by the driver to allow trench crossing. The vehicle also has a tire pressure regulation system which later became standard in Soviet wheeled military vehicles. The initial version of the vehicle, the BRDM obr. 1957, had an open roof, but the next production model, the BRDM obr. 1958, added a roof with twin hatches over commander's and driver's station and two hatches at the rear.

The vehicle is a conventional 4×4 design, with a welded steel chassis, an engine at the front and crew compartment at the rear. The driver sits on the left, with the commander to his right. The vehicle is not fitted with an NBC system, and has no night-vision equipment by default. The vehicle has four infra-red driving lights and a single white light searchlight is mounted on the driver's side of the vehicle. When in combat BRDM-1's front windscreens are protected by armoured shutters with integral vision blocks. When the shutters are in their open position they protect driver and commander from being blinded by the sunlight and ensure that the windscreens won't be obscured by rain or snow. The GAZ-40PB V-8 gasoline engine is based on a US Dodge truck engine, and is coupled to a manual gearbox with four forward gears and one reverse with a single dry-plate clutch. The four additional belly wheels which can be lowered to improve the vehicles cross-country performance by reducing its ground pressure, and to allow it to cross trenches up to 1.2 meters wide. Tire pressure in the main tires can also be raised and lowered by the driver for better performance.

The vehicle is fully amphibious, a trim board is raised at the front of the vehicle before entering the water to improve vehicle's stability and displacement in water and prevent the water from flooding the bow. In the water the vehicle is propelled by a single rear-mounted water-jet. The water jet is powered by the main engine which drives a four-bladed propeller. The water jet outlet is protected by an armoured shutter while on land. This shutter must be removed before entering water. While the trim board in the front is in its travelling position it serves as additional armour.

The BRDM-1 has a maximum armour thickness of 10 mm. This is sufficient for protection against small arms fire and small shell fragments but not against larger artillery fragments and 0.50 in (13 mm) machine gun fire. The BRDM-1-series tires are unarmoured and are particularly vulnerable to puncture from fire of all kinds.[20]

The BRDM obr. 1959 was normally armed with a single 7.62 mm SGMB medium machine gun mounted at the front of the hull for which 1,250 rounds of ammunition were carried. The BRDM-2 obr. 1960 also had mountings for two more 7.62 mm SGMB medium machine guns on the sides of the roof however usually only one machine gun was mounted even though it was possible to mount machine guns in all three mounting points. Later the 12.7 mm DShK 1938/46 heavy machine gun or 14.5 mm KPV heavy machine gun replaced the 7.62 mm SGMB medium machine gun in the front while an additional 7.62 mm SGMB medium machine gun was mounted on the rear. It was still possible to mount the other two 7.62 mm SGMB medium machine guns on the sides of the vehicle.

The Soviet Army however disliked the vehicle for several reasons. The vehicle had no turret and to operate the armament the gunner had to open a hatch and expose himself to enemy fire. The vehicle also didn't have any kind of special sights which undermined its usability as a reconnaissance vehicle. These drawbacks encouraged the design team to create a new vehicle which would suit modern battlefield.[21]

Variants[edit]

East Germany[edit]

  • SPW-40P – East German designator for unarmed BRDM-1.[22]
  • SPW-40PA – East German version of armed BRDM-1 with larger IR headlights.[22]
  • 9P111 – East German version of the 9P110. Unlike the Soviet 9P110 the East German varriant has additional protection for headlights and two mounts for fuel canisters in the rear of the vehicle.[22]

Hungary[edit]

  • FUG – FÚG (Felderítő Úszó Gépkocsi - "amphibious reconnaissance vehicle") – Due to the similarities with BRDM-1, the D-442 FUG is sometimes mistaken for a BRDM-1 modification, though several important differences reflect an independence of the design. It has two waterjets for amphibious propulsion instead of one as in BDRM-1, powered by a Hungarian-made Csepel six-cylinder diesel engine, and the engine compartment is in the rear. It was produced by Hungary at Rába Magyar Vagon és Gépgyár and used by Hungary, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. It is also known as D-442.[23]

USSR[edit]

Polish 2P27 tank destroyer in firing position. Notice the T-54/T-55 main battle tank in the background.
9P110 tank destroyer in Saint Petersburg Artillery Museum
  • BRDM-1 obr. 1957 – standard unarmed amphibious armoured scout car with an opened top. It was also known under designation BTR-40P.[22]
    • BRDM-1 obr. 1958 – standard unarmed amphibious armoured scout car fitted with a roof with two hatches at the front. It was also known under designation BTR-40P.[22]
      • BRDM-1 obr. 1959 – standard amphibious armoured scout car fitted with one 7.62 mm medium machine gun pintle mount at the front of the roof. It was also known under designation BTR-40P.[22]
        • BRDM-1 obr. 1960 – standard amphibious armoured scout car fitted with three 7.62 mm medium machine guns pintle mounts: one at the front of the roof and one on each side of the superstructure. It was possible to mount machine guns at all three mounting positions at the same time but it was rarely practiced. It was also known under designation BTR-40P.[22]
          • BRDM-2 – Further development of BRDM-1.
  • BRDM-RKh – NBC reconnaissance vehicle with two KZO-2 flag dispensers and with several detection devices including the DP dosimeter and PCHR-54 semi-automatic detection device. It was also known under designation BTR-40P-Rkh.
  • BRDM-1U – Command vehicle with additional R-112 radios and 3 whip antennas. It was also known under designations BTR-40PU and BRDM-u.[22]
    • BRDM-1U modified for use by transport units. This variant has a rear traffic light.[22]
  • 2P27 – Tank destroyer equipped with 2K16 launcher for 3×3M6 "Shmel" (AT-1 Snapper) ATGM. The rear of the vehicle has been completely rebuilt. The space for the reconnaissance team and the reconnaissance equipment is replaced by a superstructure in which a launcher with three 3M6 "Shmel" missiles is carried. While on the move the launcher is hidden inside of the superstructure and is protected by its armour. Thanks to this when the launcher is not deployed the 2P27 looks almost exactly as a normal BRDM-1. It even still has four firing ports on both sides of the vehicle even though it is impossible to operate them in this vehicle. It is almost impossible to distinguish the two vehicles from a long distance. When the vehicle stops the rocket launcher can be deployed. This is done by taking off two the steel panels on top of the launcher's compartment, opening a flap in the rear of the superstructure and elevating the launcher. After that the launcher can be immediately fired. Developed in 1958.[22]
  • 2P32 – Tank destroyer equipped with 2K8 launcher for 4×9M11 "Falanga" (AT-2 Swatter) ATGM. The vehicle is exactly the same as the 2P27 but has a different missile launcher which uses four 9M11 "Falanga". It is a logical successor to the 2P27, entered service in 1962.[22]
  • 9P110 – Tank destroyer equipped with 9К14М launcher for 6×9M14 "Malyutka" (AT-3 Sagger) ATGM. Production started in 1963. This vehicle, just like 2P27 and 2P32, has superstructure in the rear where the missile launcher is hidden. However, as the launcher's compartment is smaller the vehicle retains the characteristic rear of the BRDM-1. The mechanism of deploying the launcher was also simplified. Now it is just a matter of finding a suitable site and elevating the launcher. One of the visually distinguishing features between this tank destroyer from 2P27 and 2P32 after the launcher has been deployed is the fact that the latter ones don't have the overhead protection for the launcher once it's in firing position.[22]

Operators[edit]

Map of BRDM-1 operators in blue with former operators in red

Former operators[edit]

See also[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to BRDM-1.

Notes and citations[edit]

Notes
Citations
  1. ^ a b c d Kinnear 2008, p. 212.
  2. ^ a b c Kinnear 2008, p. 210.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Chant 1987, p. 36.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Foss 2000, p. 284.
  5. ^ a b c d e Kinnear 2008, p. 223.
  6. ^ Hogg & Perrett 1989, p. 41.
  7. ^ Kinnear 2008, p. 96.
  8. ^ Zaloga 1979, p. 32.
  9. ^ a b c Kinnear 2008, p. 189.
  10. ^ a b c Kinnear 2008, p. 191.
  11. ^ Kinnear 2008, p. 163.
  12. ^ a b c d e The Fundamentals of Soviet 'Razvedka' (Intelligence/Reconnaissance)
  13. ^ To fight or not to fight? Organizational and Doctrinal Trends in Mounted Maneuver Reconnaissance from the Interwar Years to Operation IRAQI FREEDOM
  14. ^ Marzloff, Jean (July–August 1973). "Light Armored Units: The Quiet Revolution". Armor magazine. Fort Knox, Kentucky: US Army Armor Center: 7–9.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Cite error: The named reference Kinnear was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Trade Registers". Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved 2013-06-20.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g Isby, David (1981). Weapons and Tactics of the Soviet Army. London: Jane's Information Group. p. 377. ISBN 978-0710603524.
  18. ^ a b c Christopher F. Foss (16 May 2000). Jane's Tanks and Combat Vehicles Recognition Guide (2000 ed.). Harper Collins Publishers. pp. 284–285. ISBN 978-0-00-472452-2.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2016). The Military Balance 2016. London: IISS. pp. 297, 438–476. ISBN 978-1857438352.
  20. ^ "Pancerni 1".
  21. ^ "BRDM-2". www.militarium.net. Archived from the original on 2011-09-30.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "JED The Military Equipment Directory"
  23. ^ [1]
  24. ^ Kruger, Anton; Martin, Guy (23 August 2013). "Armed Forces for the Defence of Mozambique". Johannesburg: DefenceWeb. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  25. ^ (in Italian) Tiraspol Hostel (2014-04-13). "Transnistria Army Tanks in center of Tiraspol!". Tiraspol Hostel. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
  26. ^ Keegan, John (1983). World Armies (Second ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. p. 16. ISBN 978-0333340790.
  27. ^ Hebditch, David; Connor, Ken (1997). How to Stage a Military Coup: From Planning to Execution. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 164. ISBN 978-1510729698.
  28. ^ Bachman, Ronald, ed. (1991). Romania, a Country Study. Area Handbook Series (Second ed.). Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, American University. p. 269. ISBN 978-0160333453.
  29. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (1981). The Military Balance 1981-82. New York: Facts on File, Incorporated. p. 21. ISBN 978-0517423325.

References[edit]

Online sources
Newspaper and journal articles
  • Warwick, Rodney (2012). "Operation Savannah: A Measure of SADF Decline, Resourcefulness and Modernisation". Scientia Militaria. 40 (3): 354–397.
  • Scholtz, Leopold (2006). "The Namibian Border War: An Appraisal of South African Strategy". Scientia Militaria. 34 (1): 19–48.
  • Correia, Paulo (2007). "Political relations between Portugal and South Africa from the end of the second World War until 1974" (Document). Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |editor-first= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |editor-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  • UPI, uncredited (5 December 1975). "South African troops in Angola". Bangor Daily News. Bangor, Maine. Retrieved 18 February 2015.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Bibliography
  • Kinnear, James (2008). Russian Armored Cars 1930-2000. Darlington, Maryland: Darlington Productions, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-892848-05-5.
  • Chant, Christopher (2013) [1987]. A Compendium of Armaments and Military Hardware. New York: Routledge & Keegan Paul Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7102-0720-3.
  • Foss, Christopher (2000). Jane's Tanks and Combat Vehicles Recognition Guide (First ed.). New York: Harper Collins, Publishers. ISBN 978-0-00-472452-2.
  • Hogg, Ian; Perrett, Bryan (1989). Encyclopedia of the Second World War. London: Longman. ISBN 978-0582893283.
  • Zaloga, Stephen (1979). Modern Soviet Armour: Combat Vehicles of the USSR and Warsaw Pact Today. London: Arms & Armour Press. ISBN 978-0135978566.
  • Clayton, Anthony (1999). Frontiersmen: Warfare in Africa since 1950. Philadelphia: UCL Press, Limited. ISBN 978-1857285253.
  • Hamann, Hilton (2007) [2003]. Days of the Generals. Cape Town: Struik Publishers. ISBN 978-1868723409.
  • Dale, Richard (2014). The Namibian War of Independence, 1966-1989: Diplomatic, Economic and Military Campaigns. Jefferson: McFarland and Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0786496594.
  • Du Preez, Sophia (1989). Avontuur in Angola: Die verhaal van Suid-Afrika se soldate in Angola 1975-1976. Pretoria: J.L. Van Schaik Publishers (Pty) Ltd. ISBN 978-0627016912.
  • Valdes, Nelson (1979). Blasier, Cole & Mesa-Lago, Carmelo (ed.). Cuba in the world. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0822952985.
  • O'Meara, Dan (1996). Forty lost years: The apartheid state and the politics of the National Party, 1948 - 1994. Randburg: Ravan Press (Pty) Ltd. ISBN 978-0821411735.
  • Jaster, Robert (1985). Southern Africa: Regional Security Problems and Prospects. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312746841.
  • Hanlon, Joseph (1986). Beggar Your Neighbours: Apartheid Power in Southern Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253331311.
  • Chabal, Patrick (2002). A History of Postcolonial Lusophone Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253215659.
  • IDAF Research, Information, and Publications Department, various (1982). Minty, Abdul (ed.). Apartheid's Army in Namibia: South Africa's illegal military occupation. London: International Defence & Aid Fund. ISBN 978-0904759471.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Nolutshungu, Samuel (1975). South Africa in Africa: A Study in Ideology and Foreign Policy. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0841901940.
  • Minter, William (1972). Portuguese Africa and the West. New York: Monthly Review Press. ISBN 978-0853452966.
  • Chabal, Patrick (2002). A History of Postcolonial Lusophone Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253215659.
  • Petter-Bowyer, P. J. H. (November 2005) [2003]. Winds of Destruction: the Autobiography of a Rhodesian Combat Pilot. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. ISBN 978-0-9584890-3-4.
  • Dzimba, John (1998). South Africa's Destabilization of Zimbabwe, 1980-89. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0333713693.
  • Weigert, Stephen (2011). Angola: A Modern Military History. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230117778.
  • Larmer, Miles (2011). Rethinking African Politics: A History of Opposition in Zambia. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1409482499.
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