User:Hungrydog55/sandbox/military/europeanfront/1945-02 RhinelandOffensive

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Rhineland Offensive
Part of the Western Allied invasion of Germany

Churchill tanks at the onset of Operation Veritable, 9 February 1945
Date8 February – 10 March 1945
Location
Reichswald, (Germany), and adjacent areas
Result Allied victory
Belligerents
 United Kingdom
 Canada
 United States
 Poland		  Germany

The Rhineland Offensive was a series of offensive operations by the Allied 21st Army Group commanded by Field Marshal Bernard L. Montgomery from 8 February 1945 to 10 March 1945 as part of the European Theatre of Operations during of the Second World War. The operations were aimed at occupying the Rhineland preparatory to securing a passage over the Rhine river.[1]

The offensive embodied theatre commander General Dwight D. Eisenhower's "broad front" strategy to clear the entire west bank of the Rhine of German forces before attempting a crossing.[2] He committed to this approach after an attempt to achieve a deep thrust by 21st Army Group in September 1944, Operation Market Garden, collapsed. Eisenhower's task was simplified by the vast wastage of German men and materiel in Hitler's ill-conceived Ardennes Counteroffensive of December 1944 – January 1945.[3]: 9–10 

The Rhineland Offensive encompassed the following actions:

  • Operation Veritable (9 Feb – 11 Mar): Canadian First Army carried out the northern portion of a vast pincer movement.
  • Operation Grenade (23 Feb – 10 Mar): US Ninth Army was to step off on 9 Feb to provide the southern pincer in concert with Operation Veritable, but was delayed for two weeks by the deliberate German flooding of the Rhine.
  • Operation Blockbuster (26 Feb – 3 Mar): Canadian First Army completed the northern pincer which had turned out to be more difficult than anticipated.

The offensive bore fruit during Operation Plunder beginning 23 March when the British Second Army and US Ninth Army crossed the Rhine.

Opposing forces[edit]

Allies[edit]

Bernard L. Montgomery
Canada Henry D.G. Crerar

Forces deployed North to South:[3]: 87  [4]

Allied 21st Army Group
Field Marshal Sir Bernard Law Montgomery

Canadian First Army
Lieutenant-General Henry D.G. Crerar
British XXX Corps (Lt-Gen Brian G. Horrocks)
British 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division (Maj-Gen Colin Muir Barber)
British 43rd (Wessex) Division (Maj-Gen Sir G. Ivor Thomas)
British 51st (Highland) Division (Maj-Gen Thomas G. Rennie)
British 53rd (Welsh) Division (Maj-Gen Robert Knox Ross)
British Guards Armoured Division (Maj-Gen Allan Henry Shafto Adair)
Canadian 2nd Infantry Division (Maj-Gen A. Bruce Matthews)
Canadian 3rd Infantry Division (Maj-Gen Daniel C. Spry)
Canadian II Corps (Lt-Gen Guy G. Simonds)
Canadian 4th Armoured Division (Maj-Gen Christopher Vokes)
United Kingdom Miles Dempsey
British Second Army
Lieutenant-General Miles Dempsey
79th Armoured Division (Maj-Gen Sir Percy C.S. Hobart)
Britsh I Corps (Lt-Gen John T. Crocker)
Polish 1st Armoured Division (Maj. Gen. Stanisław Maczek)
49th (West Riding) Infantry Division (Maj-Gen Gordon H.A. MacMillan)
British VIII Corps (Lt-Gen Evelyn H. Barker)
11th Armoured Division (Maj-Gen George P.B. Roberts)
3rd Infantry Division (Maj-Gen Lashmer G. Whistler)
British XII Corps (Lt-Gen Neil M. Ritchie)
7th Armoured Division (Maj-Gen Lewis O. Lyne)
52nd (Lowland) Division (Maj-Gen Edmund Hakewill-Smith)
United States William H. Simpson
US Ninth Army
Lieutenant General William H. Simpson
75th Infantry Division (Maj. Gen. Ray E. Porter)
95th Infantry Division (Maj. Gen. Harry L. Twaddle)
US XVI Corps (Maj. Gen. John B. Anderson)
8th Armored ("Thundering Herd") Division (Maj. Gen. John M. Devine)
35th Infantry ("Santa Fe") Division (Maj. Gen. Paul W. Baade)
79th Infantry ("Cross of Lorraine") Division (Maj. Gen. Ira T. Wyche)
US XIII Corps (Maj. Gen. Alvan C. Gillem Jr.)
5th Armored ("Victory") Division ((Maj. Gen. Lunsford E. Oliver)
84th Infantry ("Railsplitters") Division (Maj. Gen. Alexander R. Bolling)
102nd Infantry ("Ozark") Division (Maj. Gen. Frank A. Keating)
US XIX Corps (Maj. Gen. Raymond S. McLain)
2nd Armored ("Hell on Wheels") Division (Maj. Gen. Isaac D. White)
29th Infantry ("Blue and Gray Division") Division (Maj. Gen. Charles H. Gerhardt)
30th Infantry ("Old Hickory") Division (Maj. Gen. Leland S. Hobbs)
83rd Infantry ("Thunderbolt") Division (Maj. Gen. Robert C. Macon)

Axis[edit]

Theatre commander
Gerd von Runstedt
Army group commanders
Johannes Blaskowitz
Walter Model

Oberbefehlshaber West
Generalfeldmarschal Gerd von Rundstedt

Forces deployed North to South:[3]: 86  [5]

Heeresgruppe H
Generaloberst Johannes Blaskowitz[a]
Twenty-Fifth Army
General der Infanterie Günther von Blumentritt
XXX Corps (Otto Fretter-Pico)
LXXXVIII Corps (Hans-Wolfgang Reinhard)
First Parachute Army
General der Fallschirmtruppe Alfred Schlemm
XLVII Panzer Corps (Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz)
II Parachute Corps (Eugen Meindl)
LXXXVI Corps (Erich Straube)
Heeresgruppe B
Generalfeldmarschal Walter Model
Fifteenth Army
General der Infanterie Gustav-Adolf von Zangen
XII SS Corps (Eduard Crasemann)
LXXXI Corps (Friedrich Köchling)
LVIII Panzer Corps (Walter Krüger)
Fifth Panzer Army
General der Panzertruppe Hasso von Manteuffel thru 9 Mar, then Generaloberst Josef Harpe
LXXIV Corps (Carl Püchler)
LXVII Corps (Otto Hitzfeld)
LXVI Corps (Walther Lucht)

See also[edit]

Rhineland campaign (February-March 1945)

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Charged with war crimes; committed suicide May 1948.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Paul Douglas Dickson (2007). A thoroughly Canadian general : a biography of General H.D.G. Crerar. Toronto : University of Toronto Press, p.360.
  2. ^ Rosendaal, J. (2014). De Bevrijding in Beeld. Van Neerpelt tot Wesel, 1944–1945, Nijmegen, Vantilt, p.6. 9789081450003.
  3. ^ a b c Ford, Ken (2000). The Rhineland 1945: The last killing ground in the West. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-999-7.
  4. ^ Stanton, Shelby L. (1984). World War II Order of Battle. New York: Galahad Books. ISBN 0-88365-775-9.
  5. ^ Tessin, Georg (1975). Verbände und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1939-1945. Vol. 2. Osnabrück: Biblio-Verlag. p. 283. ISBN 978-3764810832.

Further reading[edit]

  • Berkel, Alexander (2004). Krieg vor der Eigenen Haustür, Kleef, B.o.s.s. Druck und Medien. ISBN 3924380228.
  • Hag, Leo ten (2014). Het natuurgebied rondom Nijmegen bezien als militair landschap3. ISBN 9789090292595.
  • Rawson, A. (2006). The Rhine Crossing. 9th US Army & 17th US Airborne, South Yorkshire, Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 1844152324.
  • Rosendaal, J. (2014). De Bevrijding in Beeld. Van Neerpelt tot Wesel, 1944–1945, Nijmegen, Vantilt. ISBN 9789081450003.
  • Saunders, Tim (2006). Operation Plunder. The British & Canadian Rhine Crossing, South Yorkshire, Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 1844152219.
  • Whitaker, W.D. en Whitaker, S. (1989). Rhineland. The Battle to end the war., Stoddart. ISBN 978-0312034191.

External links[edit]

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