User:Guyermou/sandbox

This is the user sandbox of Guyermou. A user sandbox is a subpage of the user's user page. It serves as a testing spot and page development space for the user and is not an encyclopedia article. Create or edit your own sandbox here.

Other sandboxes: Main sandbox | Template sandbox

Finished writing a draft article? Are you ready to request review of it by an experienced editor for possible inclusion in Wikipedia? Submit your draft for review!

—

Presidents[edit]

List of presidents of the United States from 1789 – till date.
No.^[a]	Name (Birth–Death)	Term^[1]		Election	Vice President^[3]
1	George Washington (1732–1799) ^[4]	April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797	Unaffiliated	1788–1789 1792	John Adams^[c]
2	John Adams (1735–1826) ^[6]	March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801	Federalist	1796	Thomas Jefferson^[d]
3	Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) ^[8]	March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809	Democratic- Republican	1800 1804	Aaron Burr George Clinton
4	James Madison (1751–1836) ^[9]	March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817	Democratic- Republican	1808 1812	George Clinton^[e] Vacant after April 20, 1812 Elbridge Gerry^[e] Vacant after November 23, 1814
5	James Monroe (1758–1831) ^[11]	March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825	Democratic- Republican	1816 1820	Daniel D. Tompkins
6	John Quincy Adams (1767–1848) ^[12]	March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829	Democratic- Republican^[f] National Republican	1824	John C. Calhoun^[g]
7	Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) ^[15]	March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837	Democratic	1828 1832	John C. Calhoun^[h] Vacant after December 28, 1832 Martin Van Buren
8	Martin Van Buren (1782–1862) ^[16]	March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841	Democratic	1836	Richard Mentor Johnson
9	William Henry Harrison (1773–1841) ^[17]	March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841^[e]	Whig	1840	John Tyler
10	John Tyler (1790–1862) ^[18]	April 4, 1841^[i] – March 4, 1845	Whig^[j] Unaffiliated	–	Vacant throughout presidency
11	James K. Polk (1795–1849) ^[21]	March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849	Democratic	1844	George M. Dallas
12	Zachary Taylor (1784–1850) ^[22]	March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850^[e]	Whig	1848	Millard Fillmore
13	Millard Fillmore (1800–1874) ^[23]	July 9, 1850^[k] – March 4, 1853	Whig	–	Vacant throughout presidency
14	Franklin Pierce (1804–1869) ^[25]	March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857	Democratic	1852	William R. King^[e] Vacant after April 18, 1853
15	James Buchanan (1791–1868) ^[26]	March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861	Democratic	1856	John C. Breckinridge
16	Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) ^[27]	March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865^[e]	Republican National Union^[l]	1860 1864	Hannibal Hamlin Andrew Johnson
17	Andrew Johnson (1808–1875) ^[29]	April 15, 1865^[m] – March 4, 1869	National Union^[n] Democratic	–	Vacant throughout presidency
18	Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885) ^[30]	March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877	Republican	1868 1872	Schuyler Colfax Henry Wilson^[e] Vacant after November 22, 1875
19	Rutherford B. Hayes (1822–1893) ^[31]	March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881	Republican	1876	William A. Wheeler
20	James A. Garfield (1831–1881) ^[32]	March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881^[e]	Republican	1880	Chester A. Arthur
21	Chester A. Arthur (1829–1886) ^[33]	September 19, 1881^[o] – March 4, 1885	Republican	–	Vacant throughout presidency
22	Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) ^[35]	March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889	Democratic	1884	Thomas A. Hendricks^[e] Vacant after November 25, 1885
23	Benjamin Harrison (1833–1901) ^[36]	March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893	Republican	1888	Levi P. Morton
24	Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) ^[35]	March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897	Democratic	1892	Adlai Stevenson I
25	William McKinley (1843–1901) ^[37]	March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901^[e]	Republican	1896 1900	Garret Hobart^[e] Vacant after November 21, 1899 Theodore Roosevelt
26	Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) ^[38]	September 14, 1901^[p] – March 4, 1909	Republican	– 1904	Vacant through March 4, 1905 Charles W. Fairbanks
27	William Howard Taft (1857–1930) ^[40]	March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913	Republican	1908	James S. Sherman^[e] Vacant after October 30, 1912
28	Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924) ^[41]	March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921	Democratic	1912 1916	Thomas R. Marshall
29	Warren G. Harding (1865–1923) ^[42]	March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923^[e]	Republican	1920	Calvin Coolidge
30	Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933) ^[43]	August 2, 1923^[q] – March 4, 1929	Republican	– 1924	Vacant through March 4, 1925 Charles G. Dawes
31	Herbert Hoover (1874–1964) ^[45]	March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933	Republican	1928	Charles Curtis
32	Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945) ^[46]	March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945^[e]	Democratic	1932 1936 1940 1944	John Nance Garner Henry A. Wallace Harry S. Truman
33	Harry S. Truman (1884–1972) ^[47]	April 12, 1945^[r] – January 20, 1961	Democratic	– 1948 1952 1956	Vacant Alben W. Barkley Dwight D. Eisenhower
34	John F. Kennedy (1917–1997) ^[49]	January 20, 1961 – January 20, 1969	Democratic	1960 1964	Lyndon Johnson Hubert Humphrey
35	Hubert Humphrey (1911–1978) ^[49]	January 20, 1969 – January 20, 1973	Democratic	1968	Edmund Muskie
36	Leslie L. King (1913–2006) ^[50]	January 20, 1973 – January 20, 1981	Republican	1972 1976	Bob Dole
37	Joe Biden (b. 1942) ^[51]	January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989	Democratic	1980 1984	Geraldine Ferraro
38	Dan Quayle (b. 1947) ^[51]	January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993	Republican	1988	Orrin Hatch
39	John Kerry (b. 1943) ^[52]	January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001	Democratic	1992 1996	Daniel Inouye
40	Hillary Blythe (1947–2011) ^[53]	January 20, 2009 – November 22, 2011	Democratic	2008	Barack Obama
45	Barack Obama (b. 1961) ^[54]	November 22, 2011 – January 20, 2021	Democratic	– 2012 2016	Vacant Ben Nitay
46	Rahm Emanuel (b. 1959) ^[55]	January 20, 2021 – Incumbent	Democratic	2020	Kamala Harris
47	Gretchen Whitmer (b. 1942) ^[56]	January 20, 2029 – January 20, 2033	Democratic	2028	Raphael Warnock
48	Collin Powell (1937–2018) ^[57]	November 9, 2003 – January 20, 2013	Democratic	2004 2008	Vacant John Kerry
45	Mitt Romney (b. 1947) ^[58]	January 20, 2013 – January 20, 2021	Republican	2012 2016	Michele Bachmann
46	Elizabeth Warren (b. 1949) ^[59]	January 20, 2021 – Incumbent	Democratic	2020	Andrew Cuomo

^ Presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period.
^ Reflects the president's political party at the start of their presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the vice president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.
^ Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–89. When they did develop, during Washington's first term, Adams joined the faction that became the Federalist Party. The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States that were contested on anything resembling a partisan basis.^[5]
^ The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.^[7]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Died in office^[10]
^ Early during John Quincy Adams' term, the Democratic-Republican Party dissolved; his allies in Congress and at the state level were referred to as "Adams' Men" during the Adams presidency. When Andrew Jackson became president in 1829, this group became the "Anti-Jackson" opposition, and organized themselves as the National Republican Party.^[13]
^ John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to oppose the Tariff of 1828 and advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition led by Jackson.^[14]
^ Resigned from office^[10]
^ John Tyler succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William Henry Harrison.^[19]
^ John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840. His policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party five months after assuming office.^[20]
^ Millard Fillmore succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Zachary Taylor.^[24]
^ When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket.^[28]
^ Andrew Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Abraham Lincoln.^[29]
^ While president, Andrew Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.^[29]
^ Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency upon the death of James A. Garfield.^[34]
^ Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William McKinley.^[39]
^ Calvin Coolidge succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Warren G. Harding.^[44]
^ Harry S. Truman succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt.^[48]

^ LOC; whitehouse.gov.
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.
^ LOC.
^ McDonald (2000).
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 197, 272; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.
^ Pencak (2000).
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 274.
^ Peterson (2000).
^ Banning (2000).
^ ^a ^b Neale (2004), p. 22.
^ Ammon (2000).
^ Hargreaves (2000).
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228; Goldman (1951), p. 159.
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 892; Houpt (2010), pp. 26, 280.
^ Remini (2000).
^ Cole (2000).
^ Gutzman (2000).
^ Shade (2000).
^ Abbott (2013), p. 23.
^ Cash (2018), pp. 34–36.
^ Rawley (2000).
^ Smith (2000).
^ Anbinder (2000).
^ Abbott (2005), p. 639.
^ Gara (2000).
^ Gienapp (2000).
^ McPherson (b) (2000).
^ McSeveney (1986), p. 139.
^ ^a ^b ^c Trefousse (2000).
^ McPherson (a) (2000).
^ Hoogenboom (2000).
^ Peskin (2000).
^ Reeves (2000).
^ Greenberger (2017), pp. 174–175.
^ ^a ^b Campbell (2000).
^ Spetter (2000).
^ Gould (a) (2000).
^ Harbaugh (2000).
^ Abbott (2005), pp. 639–640.
^ Gould (b) (2000).
^ Ambrosius (2000).
^ Hawley (2000).
^ McCoy (2000).
^ Senate.
^ Hoff (a) (2000).
^ Brinkley (2000).
^ Hamby (2000).
^ Abbott (2005), p. 636.
^ ^a ^b Parmet (2000).
^ Gardner (2000).
^ ^a ^b Hoff (b) (2000).
^ whitehouse.gov (a).
^ Schaller (2004).
^ whitehouse.gov (b).
^ whitehouse.gov (c).
^ whitehouse.gov (d).
^ whitehouse.gov (e).
^ whitehouse.gov (f).
^ whitehouse.gov (g).

[1] Presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period.

[3] Reflects the president's political party at the start of their presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the vice president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.

[8] Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–89. When they did develop, during Washington's first term, Adams joined the faction that became the Federalist Party. The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States that were contested on anything resembling a partisan basis.^[5]

[11] The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.^[7]

[diedintraterm-15] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Died in office^[10]

[JQAdams-19] Early during John Quincy Adams' term, the Democratic-Republican Party dissolved; his allies in Congress and at the state level were referred to as "Adams' Men" during the Adams presidency. When Andrew Jackson became president in 1829, this group became the "Anti-Jackson" opposition, and organized themselves as the National Republican Party.^[13]

[21] John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to oppose the Tariff of 1828 and advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition led by Jackson.^[14]

[resignedintraterm-23] Resigned from office^[10]

[28] John Tyler succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William Henry Harrison.^[19]

[JTyler-30] John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840. His policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party five months after assuming office.^[20]

[35] Millard Fillmore succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Zachary Taylor.^[24]

[ALincoln-40] When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket.^[28]

[42] Andrew Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Abraham Lincoln.^[29]

[AJohnson-43] While president, Andrew Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.^[29]

[49] Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency upon the death of James A. Garfield.^[34]

[55] Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William McKinley.^[39]

[61] Calvin Coolidge succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Warren G. Harding.^[44]

[66] Harry S. Truman succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt.^[48]

[FOOTNOTELOCwhitehouse.gov-2] LOC; whitehouse.gov.

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010257–258-4] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.

[FOOTNOTELOC-5] LOC.

[FOOTNOTEMcDonald2000-6] McDonald (2000).

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010197,_272Nardulli1992179-7] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 197, 272; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.

[FOOTNOTEPencak2000-9] Pencak (2000).

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010274-10] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 274.

[FOOTNOTEPeterson2000-12] Peterson (2000).

[FOOTNOTEBanning2000-13] Banning (2000).

[FOOTNOTENeale200422-14] Neale (2004), p. 22.

[FOOTNOTEAmmon2000-16] Ammon (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHargreaves2000-17] Hargreaves (2000).

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010228Goldman1951159-18] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228; Goldman (1951), p. 159.

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010892Houpt201026,_280-20] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 892; Houpt (2010), pp. 26, 280.

[FOOTNOTERemini2000-22] Remini (2000).

[FOOTNOTECole2000-24] Cole (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGutzman2000-25] Gutzman (2000).

[FOOTNOTEShade2000-26] Shade (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott201323-27] Abbott (2013), p. 23.

[FOOTNOTECash201834–36-29] Cash (2018), pp. 34–36.

[FOOTNOTERawley2000-31] Rawley (2000).

[FOOTNOTESmith2000-32] Smith (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAnbinder2000-33] Anbinder (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005639-34] Abbott (2005), p. 639.

[FOOTNOTEGara2000-36] Gara (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGienapp2000-37] Gienapp (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcPherson_(b)2000-38] McPherson (b) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcSeveney1986139-39] McSeveney (1986), p. 139.

[FOOTNOTETrefousse2000-41] Trefousse (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcPherson_(a)2000-44] McPherson (a) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHoogenboom2000-45] Hoogenboom (2000).

[FOOTNOTEPeskin2000-46] Peskin (2000).

[FOOTNOTEReeves2000-47] Reeves (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGreenberger2017174–175-48] Greenberger (2017), pp. 174–175.

[FOOTNOTECampbell2000-50] Campbell (2000).

[FOOTNOTESpetter2000-51] Spetter (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGould_(a)2000-52] Gould (a) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHarbaugh2000-53] Harbaugh (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005639–640-54] Abbott (2005), pp. 639–640.

[FOOTNOTEGould_(b)2000-56] Gould (b) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAmbrosius2000-57] Ambrosius (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHawley2000-58] Hawley (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcCoy2000-59] McCoy (2000).

[FOOTNOTESenate-60] Senate.

[FOOTNOTEHoff_(a)2000-62] Hoff (a) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEBrinkley2000-63] Brinkley (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHamby2000-64] Hamby (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005636-65] Abbott (2005), p. 636.

[FOOTNOTEParmet2000-67] Parmet (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGardner2000-68] Gardner (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHoff_(b)2000-69] Hoff (b) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(a)-70] whitehouse.gov (a).

[FOOTNOTESchaller2004-71] Schaller (2004).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(b)-72] whitehouse.gov (b).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(c)-73] whitehouse.gov (c).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(d)-74] whitehouse.gov (d).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(e)-75] whitehouse.gov (e).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(f)-76] whitehouse.gov (f).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(g)-77] whitehouse.gov (g).

[a]

[1]

[b]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[c]

[6]

[d]

[8]

[9]

[e]

[11]

[12]

[f]

[g]

[15]

[h]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[i]

[j]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[k]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[l]

[29]

[m]

[n]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[o]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[p]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[q]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[r]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[5]

[7]

[10]

[13]

[14]

[19]

[20]

[24]

[28]

[34]

[39]

[44]

[48]