User:Graceharrison14/sandbox

Selecting Possible Articles

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinoleville_Pomo_Nation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo_religion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukiah,_California

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendocino_County,_California

https://www.cityofberkeley.info/Planning_and_Development/Energy_and_Sustainable_Development/Rainwater_Harvesting.aspx

Evaluating two articles

Sector: STEAM fields

• The history and origin of the STEAM acronym was confusing and hard to follow at points. I do not think all the information about the different people who influenced the use of STEAM rather than STEM was necessary. The history seemed a little random and like certain people wanted other people to be mentioned and focused on, but they were not actually that important.
• This article lacks a lot of citations and needs serious work. The article mentions names which there are no Wikipedia pages about, making the article difficult to follow.
• I would want to add links to all the people that are mentioned in this article, in order to add credibility and to make the article easier to understand.
• This article lacks in citations. Most of the core part of the article in not cited. As for the citations that exist, they are neutral because this is not a highly controversial topic. A lot of the citations are for examples of when STEAM education has prior been used in books or projects.
• On the talk page there is a lot of debate about the relevance of STEAM and if it should actually have its own page, or if it should be merged with the STEM Wikipedia page. I was surprised by the debates happening on this page, as this topic is seemingly uncontroversial but people have lots of opinions about how important this topic truly is.
• This article is rated as a start article. This rating seems accurate.

Area: Pinoleville Pomo Nation

• There is information here that I did not know about the Pinoleville Pomo Nation just from learning about them from my small amount of meetings with the research team. I would like to know why the Pinoleville Pomo Nation is seemingly separated from the Pomo Nation and are their own entity. This is something that is not written about in the article, but seems important in order to fully understand the Nation's history.
• The history of the Nation is extremely brief and could be greatly expanded upon.
• In addition, there is nothing about the Nation's "Big Time" or Powow, which I know is an important part of their tribal culture and history. This information would need to be added in order to give readers a clearer understanding of the Pinoleville Pomo Nation.
• Almost none of the citation links worked because there was some security concern. This is an issue that would need to be resolved. Out of the links that worked, the citations were questionable. A Vice article was cited, and a small local magazine was cited. The citation about the Nation's garden project was the best citation, and that was not a reputable article or anything, it was simply a link to the website for the project they are a apart of.
• There is no conversations or debates going on within the Talk page. This article seems like a good one for me to start working on because no one is watching it! I can work through the issues I find and make it the best I can without pushing back against other people.

Finding Reputable Sources

Mendocino County Mendocino County Library 105 N. Main Street Ukiah, CA 95482-4482 Tele: (707) 463-4491 FAX: (707) 463-5472 - California Indian Library Collections (CILC) for Mendecino county

http://www.csuchico.edu/lbib/spc/bleyhl/Bleyhl_books.pdf

Bibliography

Pinoleville Pomo Nation

• I can use this source to fill in general history and information about the Pinoleville Pomo Nation's culture and greater connections with the Pomo Tribe before they became the Pinoleville Pomo Nation.
• Similar to the first source, this website can be used to create a brief overview of the Pomo history. However, more specifically I want to use this source for its clear description of how the Pomo people were linked to each other through language and culture, not by Tribal status because there were many separate Bands of the Pomo. This helps clarify why the Pinoleville Pomo Nation exists separate from the Pomo Tribe.
• I want to use this source for its writing on the recent history of the Pinoleville Pomo Nation. Specifically, the post-Gold Rush history, and pre-Homeless, Landless Indian Act from 1848-1905.
• This is the website of the Community Development Financial Institution (CDFI) that helped the Pinoleville Pomo Nation buy back the land that was taken from them by the Rancheria Act of 1958. It provides the recent history of the Pinoleville Pomo Nation - this is helpful because this information is not on the Pinoleville Pomo Nation website.
• This is a piece written by a member of the Pinoleville Pomo Nation. She expresses concerns and benefits she sees with the project. This source also talks about the Bloody Run and is a great oral record of this bloody past.
• This resource goes over Tillie Hardwick v. US and is a reputable source to explain this case through.

Wetland Conservation

• This document contains case studies and information about many of the tools and strategies Tribes and Native organizations are using to address wetland issues so that other Tribes and local governments can learn from their experience. These case studies could be used to explain the Tribal Wetland Restoration Project and explain why the EPA is committing to these projects.
• This article can be used as evidence to the success of the Tribal Wetland Restoration Project, and why this restoration is important to the culture and livelihood of Native Tribes. Although this piece is about the Fond du Lac Band in Minnesota, it talks about different tribes all throughout the United States and gives a clearer overview to what different Tribes are doing to restore their wetlands - I would like to bring up these different tribes to demonstrate the unity many Tribes feel around this topic.
• This piece addresses the long history of land and water being stolen away from Native Americans. I can use this piece to tie together Tribal land and water loss in the United States and show similarities between the two and why restoration is important to maintaining the culture and history surrounding their land.

Rainwater harvesting

• This article is from the City of Berkeley's Energy and Sustainable Development website. The article described various rainwater harvesting systems and the rules and regulations around each one. I think this is a good starting ground for me to better understand how rainwater harvesting can be used in residential settings.
• This article is published by the American Society of Landscape Architectures and contains many links to other research papers about residential rainwater harvesting systems.
• This article discusses various methods of rainwater harvesting in Albuquerque, NM. Each type of rainwater harvesting has different challenges and considerations listed. These projects are specific to locations in Albuquerque, but it seems the lessons from this report could be applied to other projects.
• Contains inks to learn how to reduce runoff and protect our waterways:
  • RainWise: Managing Stormwater at Home - Tips for reducing runoff, like amending soil with compost, planting trees, and installing rain gardens and cisterns.
  • Protect Our Waters and Prevent Pollution - Tips for protecting our waterways in your yard, your neighborhood, and around Puget Sound.
• This is a guide by the state of Oregon about how to implement rainwater harvesting systems. It has clear steps about what to do and what parts a person would need to make this project a reality.
• This website is designed to encourage and facilitate the integration of stormwater practices into development projects in various area by providing tools and resources for effective communication and implementation as well as in-depth case studies that examine best management practices integration in several cities across the United States.
• This article is is Q and A form. It has common questions and various answered provided by The University of Arizona Cooperative Extension.
• This article is by Greywater Action a group of educators who teach individuals and companies about how to implament greywater systems into their lives. This website is east to read and understand and has a lot of basic information which could be helpful for a Wikipedia page.
• This publication describes what graywater is, basics of laundry to landscape systems, and associated benefits and risks of graywater systems to humans and other animals as well as to plants.
• This website contains information about the history of rainwater harvesting. This website is way better than the website that is currently being used in the rainwater harvesting website.
• This article presents a brief historical development of water cisterns worldwide over the last 5500 years. It has a lot of historical information.
• Rainwater harvesting in Germany - how much water saved, used in large industry
• Rainwater harvesting used in London Olympic Park - fill in info about industry
• The fesability of rainwater harvesting in the Caribbean. This citation could be used as a case study for rainwater harvesting being used on agriculture, or if there is not place to cite it I can just use it for its general information.

Summarizing and Synthesizing

Wetland Conservation in the United States

• I want to add a subheading under the Legislation subheading about the EPA's Tribal Wetland Restoration Project
  • Explain why the EPA decided to start this program and why they thought it was important
  • What has the EPA been doing with this program recently - has it been successful
• I want to add more information to the introduction about why wetland conservation is important to the ecosystem
  • Example of restoring wetlands with rice plants where rice plants used to naturally feel the fish in the river which the native people would catch to eat. "Rice supported our lives for generations" - Katz
• I am thinking about creating a subheading about damming in the United States and explaining the history of damming rivers in the United States and the effect this had on river and wetland health
  • ambitious goal of reopening fish freeways on the dam-choked Penobscot River - Katz
  • In the Pacific Northwest, indigenous communities have been working for years to bring back the salmon and trout that once teemed in the Columbia River basin. The Columbia, one of the most heavily dammed and industrialized rivers on the continent, is also on American Rivers’ top ten endangered list. The Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, a coalition of tribes with fishing rights on the river, has adopted a “gravel-to-gravel management approach concerned with all the issues impacting salmon throughout their life.” - Katz

Pinoleville Pomo Nation

• Need to bring up connection to the Pomo Tribe early in the article - either in the first paragraph and link to the Pomo Wikipedia page, or create a subheading titled "Connection to the Pomo" and explain their relationship using the Mendocino Coast Model Railroad & Historical Society citation.
  • "The people called Pomo were originally linked by location, language, and other elements of culture. They were not socially or politically linked as a large unified "tribe." Instead, they lived in small groups ("bands"), linked by geography, lineage and marriage."
• Need to explain the Pinoleville Rancheria and why it is important and relevant
  • In 1905, a BIA survey assessed the Pinoleville Pomo Nation's privately owned land as overcrowded, and through the Homeless, Landless Indian Act, a Rancheria was purchased next to the private land in 1911.  Ukiah Rancheria, as it was first called, later became known as Pinoleville Rancheria.
  • In the 1950’s, the US government decided to follow a policy of integration of the Native people living on the rancherias into the general population.  Through the Rancheria Act of 1958, the BIA guaranteed help towards independence by bringing housing and water systems up to the standards of the nearest metropolitan area.  In 1966, Pinoleville Rancheria was terminated, and the land, already divided into parcels, was deeded to individuals.  The privately purchased land remained held in trust for the Pinoleville Tribe by the Superior Court.
  • Clearinghouse CDFI purchased a 90% participation in a $2,240,000 loan to the Pinoleville Pomo Nation to obtain land which was part of the Tribe’s original Rancheria established in 1911, but had since been acquired by a private party. The loan was originated by Indian Land Capital Company, a Native Community Development Financial Institution, and was further supported by Indian Land Tenure Foundation, a national, community-based organization serving American Indian nations and people in the recovery and control of their rightful homelands. The purchase of the land allows the Pinoleville Pomo Nation to further tribal enterprises for economic development.

Indigenous peoples in California

• I want to create a subsection about the relationship between the Californian government and the Native Californian peoples. This section can go through the history between these two groups and any past conflicts or cooperations. This could bring the article up to present day where I could write about any current conflicts or cooperations that are relevant and important to today.
• The hard part will be discussing the power relations between the two without discussing power relations in theoretical and academic terms. This is tricky because this is a frame and understanding that can sometimes be difficult to prove, because the system is built to hide how the powerful may oppress the more weak.

Rainwater Harvesting

• I want to add a residential use section into the rainwater harvesting page. There are a lot of specific examples of rainwater harvesting but no section that just speaks about general residential use.
• This set up may be slightly difficult to organize because the rest of the page is fairly unorganized, so maybe I could just focus on organizing the information that is already on this page into more specific sections
  • My one concern with this is separating techniques in sections like methods in developed countries vs. methods in developing countries (Except not in those exact words). The amazing thing about rainwater harvesting is that many of the same techniques can be used across different areas and countries so I wouldn't want to create a faulty divide.
• Another option is creating a new page for rainwater harvesting in the United States because there are other pages about rainwater harvesting in Canada and the UK but no US version. However, this may be too large of an endeavor for this class.

My Contributions

Rainwater harvesting

1. Re-organized the page by moving sections around and consolidating sections. Also, moving information from one large section and putting that information into other smaller sections.
2. Cleaning up the basic grammar and making writing more concise.
3. Added information about rainwater harvesting in ancient times Assesand added a photo about the cistern in India.
4. Added section about the advantages of rainwater harvesting. I also moved some information that was already in the article into this section.
5. I added the section on the applications of rainwater harvesting. I added most of the information about agriculture because there was little information on this. I also added most of the information about industry uses.

Pinoleville Pomo Nation

1. I added almost everything that is now on this page.
2. I wrote the majority of the history section and created a timeline of the tribe's most important events.
3. I hyper linked to a couple of other important pages.
4. I also tried to add some information about recent events in the tribal services section.

Rainwater harvesting

Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and storage of rainwater for reuse on-site, rather than allowing it to run off. Rainwater can be collected from rivers, roofs, or even from dew or fog using the correct tools. In many places, the water collected is redirected to a deep pit (well, shaft, or borehole), a reservoir with percolation, or a storage tank. Rainwater harvesting can be used for gardens, livestock, irrigation, domestic use with proper treatment, indoor heating for houses, long-term storage and even groundwater recharge.

Rainwater harvesting is one of the simplest and oldest methods of self-supply of water for households usually financed by the user.^[1]

History

Ancient Times

The construction and use of cisterns to store rainwater can be traced back to the Neolithic Age, when waterproof lime plaster cisterns were built in the floors of houses in village locations of the Levant, a large area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bound by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south, and Mesopotamia in the east. By the late 4000 BC, cisterns were essential elements of emerging water management techniques used in dry-land farming.

Many ancient cisterns have been discovered in Jerusalem and the entire Land of Israel. At the site believed by some to be that of the biblical city of Ai (Khirbet et-Tell), a large cistern dating back to around 2500 BC was discovered that had a capacity of nearly 1700 m3 . It was carved out of solid rock, lined with large stones, and sealed with clay to keep from leaking.

Shivaganga Tank in Tamil Nadu

The Greek island of Crete is also known for its use of large cisterns for rainwater collection and storage during the Minoan period from 2,600 BC - 1,100 BC. Four large cisterns have been discovered at Myrtos–Pyrgos, Archanes, and Zakroeach. The cistern found at Myrtos-Pyrgos was found to have a capacity of more than 80 m3 and date back to 1700 BC.

Around 300 BCE, farming communities in Balochistan (now located in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran), and Kutch, India, used rainwater harvesting for agriculture and many other uses.. rainwater harvesting was done by Chola kings. Rainwater from the Brihadeeswarar temple (located in Balaganpathy Nagar, Thanjavur, India) was collected in Shivaganga tank. During the later Chola period, the Vīrānam tank was built (1011 to 1037 CE) in the Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu to store water for drinking and irrigation purposes. Vīrānam is a 16-km-long tank with a storage capacity of 1,465,000,000 cu ft (41,500,000 m³).

Romans

The increased number of people during the Roman era led to an increase in size and to the combination of cisterns with the impressive water conveyance constructions.

During the time of the Roman Empire, rainwater collection became something of an art and science, with many new cities incorporating state of the art technology for the time. The Romans were masters at these new developments and great progress was made right up until the 6th Century AD and the rule of Emperor Caesar.

The roofs of houses collected rainwater that flowed through terracotta pipes down to cisterns where water was stored for domestic use. In Pompeii, the aqueduct and well water were contaminated by the volcano, requiring cisterns to be used for drinking water.

One of the most impressive rainwater harvesting constructions can be found in Istanbul in the Sunken Palace which was used to collect rainwater from the streets above. It’s so large that you can sail around it in a boat.

Current Uses

• In China, Argentina, and Brazil, rooftop rainwater harvesting is being practised for providing drinking water, domestic water, water for livestock, water for small irrigation, and a way to replenish groundwater levels. Gansu province in China and semiarid northeast Brazil have the largest rooftop rainwater harvesting projects going on.
• Thailand has the largest fraction of the population in the rural area relying on rainwater harvesting (currently around 40%). Rainwater harvesting was promoted heavily by the government in the 1980s. In the 1990s, after government funding for the collection tanks ran out, the private sector stepped in and provided several million tanks to private households, many of which continue to be used. This is one of the largest examples of self-supply of water worldwide.
• In Bermuda, the law requires all new construction to include rainwater harvesting adequate for the residents.
• The U.S. Virgin Islands has a similar law.
• In Senegal and Guinea-Bissau, the houses of the Diola-people are frequently equipped with homebrew rainwater harvesters made from local, organic materials.
• In the Irrawaddy Delta of Myanmar, the groundwater is saline and communities rely on mud-lined rainwater ponds to meet their drinking water needs throughout the dry season. Some of these ponds are centuries old and are treated with great reverence and respect.
• In the United States, until 2009 in Colorado, water rights laws almost completely restricted rainwater harvesting; a property owner who captured rainwater was deemed to be stealing it from those who have rights to take water from the watershed. Now, residential well owners who meet certain criteria may obtain a permit to install a rooftop precipitation collection system (SB 09-080). Up to 10 large scale pilot studies may also be permitted (HB 09-1129). The main factor in persuading the Colorado Legislature to change the law was a 2007 study that found that in an average year, 97% of the precipitation that fell in Douglas County, in the southern suburbs of Denver, never reached a stream—it was used by plants or evaporated on the ground. In Colorado, one cannot even drill a water well on properties less than 35 acres (14 ha). Rainwater catchment is mandatory for new dwellings in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Texas offers a sales tax exemption on the purchase of rainwater harvesting equipment. Both Texas and Ohio allow the practice even for potable purposes. Oklahoma passed the Water for 2060 Act in 2012, to promote pilot projects for rainwater and graywater use among other water-saving techniques.
• In Beijing, some housing societies are now adding rainwater in their main water sources after proper treatment.
• In Ireland, Professor Micheal Mcginley established a project to design a rainwater harvesting prototype in the biosystems design challenge module at University College Dublin

Canada

Main article: Rainwater harvesting in Canada

A number of Canadians have started implementing rainwater harvesting systems for use in stormwater reduction, irrigation, laundry, and lavatory plumbing. Substantial reform to Canadian law since the mid-2000s has increased the use of this technology in agricultural, industrial, and residential use, but ambiguity remains amongst legislation in many provinces. Bylaws and local municipal codes often regulate rainwater harvesting.

India

• Pan India Potential: No authenticated potential of rainwater harvesting has been assessed in India.
• In Andhra Pradesh, the groundwater table is generally below 7 meters from the ground level. By various methods of rainwater harvesting, if the ground water table is raised by 4 meters by using the adequate rainfall available during the monsoon season, crops can be grown through out the year using the ground water without facing water shortage.
• Tamil Nadu was the first state to make rainwater harvesting compulsory for every building to avoid groundwater depletion. The scheme was launched in 2001 and has been implemented in all rural areas of Tamil Nadu. Posters all over Tamil Nadu including rural areas create awareness about harvesting rainwater TN Govt site. It gave excellent results within five years, and slowly every state took it as a role model. Since its implementation, Chennai had a 50% rise in water level in five years and the water quality significantly improved.
• Karnataka: In Bangalore, adoption of rainwater harvesting is mandatory for every owner or the occupier of a building having the site area measuring 60 ft (18.3 m) X 40 ft (12.2 m) and above and for newly constructed building measuring 30 ft (9.1 m) X 40 ft (12.2 m) and above dimensions. In this regard, Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board has initiated and constructed “Rain Water Harvesting Theme Park” in the name of Sir M. Visvesvaraya in 1.2 acres (4,900 m²) of land situated at Jayanagar, Bangalore. In this park, 26 different type of rainwater harvesting models are demonstrated along with the water conservation tips. The auditorium on the first floor is set up with a "green" air conditioning system and will be used to arrange the meeting and showing of a video clip about the rainwater harvesting to students and general public. An attempt has been made at the Department of Chemical Engineering, IISc, Bangalore to harvest rainwater using upper surface of a solar still, which was used for water distillation
• In Rajasthan, rainwater harvesting has traditionally been practised by the people of the Thar Desert. Many ancient water harvesting systems in Rajasthan have now been revived. Water harvesting systems are widely used in other areas of Rajasthan, as well, for example the chauka system from the Jaipur district.

• Kerala:

Main article: Rainwater harvesting in Kerala

• Maharashtra: At present, in Pune, rainwater harvesting is compulsory for any new housing society to be registered.
• In Mumbai, Maharashtra, rainwater harvesting is being considered as a good solution to solve the water crisis.

The Mumbai City council is planning to make rainwater harvesting mandatory for large societies.

Israel

The Southwest Center for the Study of Hospital and Healthcare Systems in cooperation with Rotary International is sponsoring a rainwater harvesting model program across the country. The first rainwater catchment system was installed at an elementary school in Lod, Israel. The project is looking to expand to Haifa in its third phase. The Southwest Center has also partnered with the Water Resources Action Project of Washington, DC, which currently has rainwater harvesting projects in the West Bank. Rainwater harvesting systems are being installed in local schools for the purpose of educating schoolchildren about water conservation principles and bridging divides between people of different religious and ethnic backgrounds, all while addressing the water scarcity issue that the Middle East faces.

New Zealand

Although New Zealand has plentiful rainfall in the West and South, for much of the country, rainwater harvesting is the normal practice for most rural housing and is encouraged by most councils.

Sri Lanka

Rainwater harvesting has been a popular method of obtaining water for agriculture and for drinking purposes in rural homes. The legislation to promote rainwater harvesting was enacted through the Urban Development Authority (Amendment) Act, No. 36 of 2007. Lanka rainwater harvesting forum is leading the Sri Lanka's initiative.

South Africa

The South African Water Research Commission has supported research into rainwater harvesting. Reports on this research are available on their 'Knowledge Hub'. Studies in arid, semiarid, and humid regions have confirmed that techniques such as mulching, pitting, ridging, and modified run-on plots are effective for small-scale crop production.

United Kingdom

Main article: Rainwater harvesting in the United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, water butts are often found in domestic gardens and on allotments to collect rainwater, which is then used to water the garden. However, the British government's Code For Sustainable Homes encouraged fitting large underground tanks to newly built homes to collect rainwater for flushing toilets, watering, and washing. Ideal designs had the potential to reduce demand on mains water supply by half. The code was revoked in 2015.

New approaches

Instead of using the roof for catchment, the RainSaucer, which looks like an upside-down umbrella, collects rain straight from the sky. This decreases the potential for contamination and makes potable water for developing countries a potential application. Other applications of this free-standing rainwater collection approach are sustainable gardening and small-plot farming.

A Dutch invention called the Groasis Waterboxx is also useful for growing trees with harvested and stored dew and rainwater.

Presentation of RainSaucer system to students at orphanage in Guatemala

Traditionally, stormwater management using detention basins served a single purpose. However, optimized real-time control lets this infrastructure double as a source of rainwater harvesting without compromising the existing detention capacity. This has been used in the EPA headquarters to evacuate stored water prior to storm events, thus reducing wet weather flow while ensuring water availability for later reuse. This has the benefit of increasing water quality released and decreasing the volume of water released during combined sewer overflow events.

Generally, check dams are constructed across the streams to enhance the percolation of surface water into the subsoil strata. The water percolation in the water-impounded area of the check dams can be enhanced artificially manyfold by loosening the subsoil strata and overburden using ANFO explosives as used in open cast mining. Thus, local aquifers can be recharged quickly using the available surface water fully for use in the dry season.

Nontraditional

• In 1992, American artist Michael Jones McKean created an artwork in Omaha, Nebraska, at the Bemis Center for Contemporary Art that created a fully sustainable rainbow in the Omaha skyline. The project collected thousands of gallons of rainwater, storing the water in six daisy-chained 12,000 gallons tanks. The massive logistical undertaking, during its five-month span, was one of the largest urban rainwater harvesting sites in the American Midwest.

Rainwater harvesting by freshwater-flooded forests

Ratagul Freshwater Flooded Forest, Bangladesh

Rainwater harvesting is possible by growing freshwater-flooded forests without losing the income from the used, submerged land. The main purpose of the rainwater harvesting is to use the locally available rainwater to meet water requirements throughout the year without the need of huge capital expenditure. This would facilitate the availability of uncontaminated water for domestic, industrial, and irrigation needs.

Rainwater harvesting by solar power panels

Good quality water resource, closer to populated areas, is becoming scarcity and costly for the consumers. In addition to solar energy, rain water is major renewable resource of any land. Vast area is being covered by solar PV panels every year in all parts of the world. Solar panels can also be used for harvesting most of the rain water falling on them and drinking quality water, free from bacteria and suspended matter, can be generated by simple filtration and disinfection processes as rain water is very low in salinity. Exploitation of rain water for value added products like bottled drinking water, makes solar PV power plants profitable even in high rainfall / cloudy areas by the augmented income from value added drinking water generation.

Advantages

Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during regional water restrictions, and in developed countries, is often used to supplement the main supply. It provides water when a drought occurs, can help mitigate flooding of low-lying areas, and reduces demand on wells which may enable groundwater levels to be sustained. It also helps in the availability of potable water, as rainwater is substantially free of salinity and other salts. Application of rainwater harvesting in urban water system provides a substantial benefit for both water supply and wastewater subsystems by reducing the need for clean water in water distribution system, less generated stormwater in sewer system, and a reduction in stormwater runoff polluting freshwater bodies.

A large body of work has focused on the development of lifecycle assessment and lifecycle costing methodologies to assess the level of environmental impacts and money that can be saved by implementing rainwater harvesting systems.

Independent Water Supply

Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during water restrictions. In areas where clean water is costly, or difficult to come by, rainwater harvesting is a critical source of clean water. In developed countries, rainwater is often harvested to be used as a supplemental source of water rather than a main source, but the harvesting of rainwater can also decrease a household's water costs or overall usage levels. Rainwater is also independent of salinity or pollutants found in ground water, increasing the quantity of potable drinking water available when rainwater harvesting is utilized.

Supplemental in Drought

When drought occurs, rainwater harvested in past months can be used. If rain is unpredictable, the use of a rainwater harvesting system can be critical to capturing the rain when it does fall. Many countries, especially those with arid environments, use rainwater harvesting as a cheap and reliable source of clean water. To enhance irrigation in arid environments, ridges of soil are constructed to trap and prevent rainwater from running down hills and slopes. Even in periods of low rainfall, enough water is collected for crops to grow. Water can be collected from roofs, and dams and ponds can be constructed to hold large quantities of rainwater so that even on days when little to no rainfall occurs, enough is available to irrigate crops.

In addition, rainwater harvesting decreases the demand for water from wells, enabling groundwater levels to be further sustained rather than depleted.

Lifecycle Assessment

Lifecycle assessment is a methodology used to evaluate the environmental impacts of a system from cradle-to-grave of its lifetime. Devkota et al., developed such a methodology for rainwater harvesting, and found that the building design (e.g., dimensions) and function (e.g., educational, residential, etc.) play critical roles in the environmental performance of the system. The Economic and Environmental Analysis of Sanitations Technologies, EEAST model evaluates the greenhouse gas emissions and cost of such systems over the lifetime of a variety of building types.

To address the functional parameters of rainwater harvesting systems, a new metric was developed - the demand to supply ratio (D/S) - identifying the ideal building design (supply) and function (demand) in regard to the environmental performance of rainwater harvesting for toilet flushing. With the idea that supply of rainwater not only saves the potable water, but also saves the stormwater entering the combined sewer network (thereby requiring treatment), the savings in environmental emissions were higher if the buildings are connected to a combined sewer network compared to separate one.

System Set Up

Rainwater harvesting systems can range in complexity, from systems that can be installed with minimal skills, to automated systems that require advanced setup and installation. The basic rainwater harvesting system is more of a plumbing job than a technical job, as all the outlets from the building terrace are connected through a pipe to an underground tank that stores water.

Systems are ideally sized to meet the water demand throughout the dry season, since it must be big enough to support daily water consumption. Specifically, the rainfall capturing area such as a building roof must be large enough to maintain adequate flow of water. The water storage tank size should be large enough to contain the captured water.^{[citation needed]}

For low-tech systems, many low-tech methods are used to capture rainwater: rooftop systems, surface water capture, and pumping the rainwater that has already soaked into the ground or captured in reservoirs and storing it in tanks (cisterns).

Before a rainwater harvesting system is built, use of digital tools is useful. For instance, to detect if a region has a high rainwater harvesting potential, rainwater-harvesting GIS maps can be made using an online interactive tool. Or, to estimate how much water is needed to fulfill a community's water needs, the Rain is Gain tool helps. Tools like these can save time and money before a commitment to build a system is undertaken, in addition to making the project sustainable and long lasting.

Applications of Rainwater Harvesting

Agriculture

Missions to six Caribbean countries has shown that the capture and storage of rainwater runoff for later use is possible in quantities sufficient to significantly reduce risks of losing some or all of the harvest each year owing to soil water scarcity. Additional benefits would be derived from the reduction of risks associated with flooding and soil erosion during the increasingly high rainfall intensities being experienced in the subregion. Small and micro farmers, especially those growing crops on hillsides, could therefore experience double benefits from rainwater harvesting practices.

Many countries, especially those with arid environments, use rainwater harvesting as a cheap and reliable source of clean water. To enhance irrigation in arid environments, ridges of soil are constructed to trap and prevent rainwater from running down hills and slopes. Even in periods of low rainfall, enough water is collected for crops to grow. Water can be collected from roofs, and dams and ponds can be constructed to hold large quantities of rainwater so that even on days when little to no rainfall occurs, enough is available to irrigate crops.

Domestic Use

• In China, Argentina, and Brazil, rooftop rainwater harvesting is used to provide drinking water, domestic water, water for livestock, water for small irrigation, and a way to replenish groundwater levels. Gansu province in China and semiarid northeast Brazil have the largest rooftop rainwater harvesting projects going on.

• About 40% of Thailand's rural population utilizes rainwater harvesting. Rainwater harvesting was promoted heavily by the government in the 1980s. In the 1990s, after government funding for the collection tanks ran out, the private sector stepped in and provided several million tanks to private households, many of which continue to be used today. This is one of the largest examples of self-supply of water worldwide.

• Rainwater harvesting is mandatory for new homes built in Santa Fe, New Mexico.
• Texas offers a sales tax exemption for the purchase of rainwater harvesting equipment.
• Both Texas and Ohio allow rainwater harvesting to be used even for potable purposes.
• Oklahoma passed the Water for 2060 Act in 2012, to promote pilot projects for rainwater and graywater use among other water-saving techniques.

• In the United Kingdom, water butts are often found in domestic gardens and on allotments to collect rainwater, which is then used to water the garden.

Groundwater Recharge

• In Andhra Pradesh, India, the groundwater table is about 7 meters below the normal ground level. Through various methods of rainwater harvesting, the ground water table can be raised by 4 meters using rainfall from the monsoon season. Groundwater recharge is critical because crops can be irrigated with groundwater throughout the year without facing water shortage.

• Tamil Nadu, India was the first state to make rainwater harvesting compulsory for every building to avoid groundwater depletion. The scheme was launched in 2001 and has been implemented in all rural areas of Tamil Nadu. Posters throughout Tamil Nadu create awareness about rainwater harvesting. TN Govt site. Since its implementation, Chennai had a 50% rise in water level in five years and the water quality significantly improved. The plan showed excellent results within five years, and has been used as a role model to other Indian states implementing rainwater harvesting systems.

Industry

• The Frankfurt Airport has the biggest rainwater harvesting system in Germany. The system helps save approximately 1,00,000 cubic meters of water per year. The cost of the system is 1.5 million dm (US $63,000) in the year 1993. The system collects water from roofs of the new terminal which has an area of 26,800 square meters. The water is collected in the basement of the airport where six tanks have been put up, with a storage capacity of 100 cubic meters. The water is mainly used for toilet flushing, watering plants and cleaning the air conditioning system.
• Rainwater harvesting was adopted at The Velodrome – The London Olympic Park – in order to increase the sustainability of the facility. A 73% decrease in potable water demand by the park was estimated. Despite this, it was deemed that rainwater harvesting was a less efficient use of financial resources to increase sustainability than the park's blackwater recycling program.

Quality

The concentration of contaminants is reduced significantly by diverting the initial flow of run-off water to waste. Improved water quality can also be obtained by using a floating draw-off mechanism (rather than from the base of the tank) and by using a series of tanks, withdraw from the last in series. Prefiltration is a common practice used in the industry to ensure that the water entering the tank is free of large sediment. Prefiltration is important to keep the system healthy.

Conceptually, a water supply system should match the quality of water with the end use. However, in most of the developed world, high-quality potable water is used for all end uses. This approach wastes money and energy and imposes unnecessary impacts to the environment. Supplying rainwater that has gone through preliminary filtration measures for nonpotable water uses, such as toilet flushing, irrigation and laundry, may be a significant part of a sustainable water management strategy.

Pinoleville Pomo Nation

The Pinoleville Pomo Nation is a federally recognized tribe of Pomo people in Mendocino County, California. Leona Williams currently serves as Tribal Chairperson.

History

The Pinoleville Pomo Nation is a small band of the greater Pomo Tribe of Northern California. The Pinoleville Pomo Nation is originally from Potter Valley, California, located eighteen miles (29km) north-northeast of Ukiah, California where the Pinoleville Pomo Nation currently resides.

Prior to the arrival of the European colonizers, there were three main villages in Potter Valley called Pomo, Sedam (or Tse tum) and Canel (or Shanel, Sanel), and several smaller villages and camps. These villages remained connected and cooperative with each other through marriage, and ceremonies. They were governed by councilmen called tca ka-li in Northern Pomo, also sometimes known as captains.

The arrival of the Spanish, Russians, and fur traders in the early 1800’s was devastating for Native Californians and their way of life. In the first half of the century, the Pomos suffered from forced removal, disease and servitude from the settlers.

This domination continued into the second half of the 17^th century with the discovery of gold in California. By 1850 thousands of Europeans had arrived in northern California hoping to strike rich. Treaties were proposed to guarantee land for most California Natives, including the Pomos, but the treaties never reached ratification. Thus the California government declared that all land that was not claimed was public land, meaning the land the Pomos and many of Native Californians lived on was allowed to be settled on by non-Native peoples.

The Pomos were forced off their land as the new settlers began using the land for ranching. The Pomos were left to settle on non-fertile lands in the periphery of the land they once lived on and  struggled to find enough food to survive.

The Pomos and settlers did not always have a negative relationship as some settlers set aside land for the Pomos, provided work opportunities or married Native women, but despite this, conflict inevitably arose between the two groups.

Important Events

Bloody Run - 1871

The majority of the remaining Pomos living in Potter Valley were brutally forced by the militia to leave Potter Valley and walk to Round Valley Reservation, 65 miles north of Ukiah. This event is called “Ba-lay-Ba-lin” or “Bloody Run” because the Eel River ran red with the blood of the deceased for three days. This history is not widely cited, but has been recounted by Pinoleville Pomo Nation members whose ancestors experienced this atrocity. One member recounted the Bloody Run stating, “the white men herded all the Indians like cattle, and if you were too slow you were shot from behind and thrown in the river.” There were many young and elderly people who were unable to keep up and this were killed. Those who were not murdered were forced to walk to Round Valley Reservation.

Purchasing of Pinoleville - 1878-1893

In 1878, a large group of Potter Valley Pomos left the Round Valley Reservation and purchased 51 acres of land on the north side of Ukiah. This land was known as ke-buk ke-bul, but soon was known as Pinoleville.

In 1893 the Pinoleville captains joined with other Northern Pomo captains and traded their land at  $10 for 100 acres between Ackerman Creek (ya-mo-bida – wind hole creek), and Orr springs Road. This is where the Pinoleville Pomo people settled. The captains allowed displaced families and tribelets to live in Pinoleville.

Pinoleville Racheria -1905-1966

However, in 1905, a Bureau of Indian Affairs survey stated the land was overcrowded, and through the Homeless, Landless Indian Act, a Rancheria was purchased next to the original piece of land in 1911. This land came to be called the Pinoleville Rancheria.

The status of the Pinoleville Rancheria changed in 1958 when the US government began to implement integration policies throughout the United States. In 1966 the Pinoleville Rancheria was terminated.

Tillie Hardwick v. US - 1983

Despite this, in 1983 Pinoleville became a part of Tillie Hardwick v. US, a class action suit against the federal government for the termination of Indian Rancherias. Tillie Hardwick was successful and seventeen tribes which were formally terminated won formal recognition from the US government.

Federal recognition of Pinoleville Pomo Nation - 2005-2006

On June 26^th, 2005 Pinoleville Pomo Nation adopted their own constitution and elected seven officials to serve as the tribal council with four year terms. In 2006, Pinoleville Pomo Nation signed a Title IV compact with the US government and was recognized as a Self-Governance Tribe.

Culture

Housing:

Winter shelters (tca) were hemispherical, with floors sunken a foot or so into the ground and walls woven of willow, thatched with thick grass, tules, or willow.  These might house anywhere from one to five families.  They also built small sweat houses (tca-ne), which also served as meeting places or warm winter quarters for men. The main villages had large meeting houses, or roundhouses, some of which could hold several hundred people for ceremonies and dances. In the summer camps, a brush shelter sufficed.

Nomadic Food Collection:

Rather than an agricultural tribe, the Pomo were nomadic people who moved throughout Northern California depending on the season. They moved with the seasons, gathering what they needed where it was abundant.  In spring, they walked to the coast to collect seaweed, abalone and shellfish. These were dried and brought back to be stored for winter.  Hunting of small game, using ingenious traps, spears, or arrows, was done throughout the year.

The most important staple food of the Pomo people was acorns, gathered in the fall and carefully stored for winter. Fish, deer and elk meat were also dried for winter stores.

Baskets:

The Pomo people excelled in making baskets.

Tribal Services and Projects

Pinoleville Pomo Nation currently operates a housing program to support low income residents, and encourage the construction of sustainable housing through a partnership with the housing committee and environmental department. Thus far, two houses constructed by the Pinoleville Pomo Nation with guidance by architects and engineers from UC Berkeley have been completed. These houses are affordable and utilize... and

Through their environmental department the Pinoleville Pomo Nation has created a horticultural program, which focuses on tribal youth — educating them about plants, to improve self-esteem and provide skills. These skills and knowledge is also aimed to to improve diets and the local environment. In addition to this, Pinole Nation Gardens include a greenhouse, orchards, two gardens, and native plant restoration areas which are located in Ukiah.

The Pinoleville Pomo Nation will be the first tribe in California to grow medical marijuana. It announced a plan to open a 2.5-acre indoor growing facility on their land. The products will be sold to medical marijuana dispensaries and to medical marijuana card-holding members.  The tribe said the marijuana profits will be used to "help pay for the tribe's social programs (such) as elder care, child care, health and education." - is this still relevant because it was shut down?