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| Jojoba | |
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| A wild jojoba bush | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| (unranked): | |
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| Family: | |
| Genus: | Simmondsia
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| Species: | S. chinensis
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| Binomial name | |
| Simmondsia chinensis | |
Jojoba /həˈhoʊbə/ ⓘ (Simmondsia chinensis) is a shrub which is native to the Sonoran,[1] Mojave and Baja California deserts of Arizona, California, and Mexico and the southernmost portion of the California Floristic Province. It is the sole species of the family Simmondsiaceae, placed in the order Caryophyllales. It's also known as goat nut, deer nut, pignut, wild hazel, quinine nut, coffeeberry, and gray box bush.[2] Jojoba is grown commercially for its oil, a liquid wax ester, extracted from the seed. The plant has also been used to combat and prevent desertification in the Thar Desert in India.
Description[edit]
Jojoba grows to 1–2 metres (3.3–6.6 ft) tall, with a broad, dense crown, but there have been reports of plants as tall as 3 metres (9.8 ft).[3] The leaves are opposite, oval in shape, 2–4 centimetres (0.79–1.57 in) long and 1.5–3 centimetres (0.59–1.18 in) broad, thick waxy glaucous gray-green in color. The flowers are small, greenish-yellow, with 5–6 sepals and no petals.
Jojoba foliage provides year-round food opportunity for many animals, including deer, javelina, bighorn sheep, and livestock. The nuts are eaten by squirrels, rabbits, other rodents, and larger birds. Only Bailey's Pocket Mouse, however, is known to be able to digest the wax found inside the jojoba nut.
In large quantities, the seed meal is toxic to many mammals, and the indigestible wax acts as a laxative in humans. The Seri, who utilize nearly every edible plant in their territory, do not regard the beans as real food and in the past ate it only in emergencies.[2]
Despite its scientific name Simmondsia chinensis, Jojoba does not originate in China; the botanist Johann Link, originally named the species Buxus chinensis, after misreading a collection label "Calif" as "China".
It was the Native Americans who discovered the importance and versatility of jojoba. During the early eighteenth century Jesuit missionaries in Baja observed them heating jojoba seeds to soften them. They then used pestle and mortar to create a salve or buttery substance. The latter was applied to the skin and hair to heal and condition. Native Americans also used the salve to soften and preserve animal hides. Pregnant women ate jojoba seeds, believing they assisted during childbirth. Hunters and raiders munched jojoba on the trail to keep hunger at bay.
Jojoba was collected again in 1836 by Thomas Nuttall who described it as a new genus and species in 1844, naming it Simmondsia californica, but priority rules require that the original specific epithet be used. The common name should also not be confused with the similar-sounding Jujube (Ziziphus zizyphus), an unrelated plant.[citation needed]
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Plaque describing jojoba in the Lost Dutchman State Park (Arizona).
Reproduction[edit]
Each plant is single-sex, either male or female, with hermaphrodites being extremely rare. The fruit is an acorn-shaped ovoid, three-angled capsule 1–2 centimetres (0.39–0.79 in) long, partly enclosed at the base by the sepals. The mature seed is a hard oval, dark brown in color and contains an oil (liquid wax) content of approximately 54%. An average-size bush produces 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of pollen, to which few humans are allergic.[2] The female plants produce seed from flowers pollinated by the male plants. Jojoba leaves have an aerodynamic shape, creating a spiral effect, which brings wind-born pollen from the male flower to the female flower. In the Northern Hemisphere, pollination occurs during February and March. In the Southern Hemisphere, pollination occurs during August and September. The haploid number of jojoba is 13. Somatic cells of jojoba are tetraploid, the number of chromosomes is 2n = 4x = 52.[4]
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Female flower -
Close-up of male jojoba flowers. -
fruits -
Jojoba seed
Origin[edit]
Jojoba is endemic to Northern America and occupies an area of approximately 260,000 square kilometres (100,000 sq mi) between latitudes 25° and 31° North and between longitudes 109° and 117° West, which is approximately the area covered by the sonoran desert.[1]
Etymology[edit]
The name "jojoba" originated with the O'odham people of the Sonoran Desert in the southwestern United States, who treated burns with an antioxidant salve made from a paste of the jojoba nut.[2]
Cultivation and uses[edit]
.JPG)
Jojoba is grown for the liquid wax (commonly called jojoba oil) in its seeds.[5] This oil is rare in that it's an extremely long (C36–C46) straight-chain wax ester and not a triglyceride, making jojoba and its derivative jojoba esters more similar to human sebum and whale oil than to traditional vegetable oils.
Jojoba oil is easily refined to be odorless, colorless and oxidatively stable, and is often used in cosmetics as a moisturizer and as a carrier oil for specialty fragrances. It also has potential use as both a biodiesel fuel for cars and trucks, as well as a biodegradable lubricant.
Plantations of jojoba have been established in a number of desert and semi-desert areas, predominantly in Argentina, Australia, Israel, Mexico, the Palestinian Authority, Peru, and the United States. It is currently the Sonoran Desert's second most economically valuable native plant (overshadowed only by the Washingtonia palms used in horticulture).
Selective breeding is developing plants that produce more beans with higher wax content, as well as other characteristics that will facilitate harvesting.[2]
Its ability to whithstand high salinity (up to 12 dS m−1 at pH 9) and the high value of jojoba products make jojoba an interesting plant for the use of desertification control, for example in India.[6]
The jojoba plant has also gained attention in the discussion about renewable energy, in particular, biofuels. Jojoba oil consists of, opposed to most vegetable oils which consist of triglycerides, long straight monoesters of 22 to 44 carbon atoms, which makes it compareable to diesel in respects of energy density.[7][8] The pretreatment of jojoba oil for the use of biofuel is simpler compared to that of other mineral and bio-oils and it is expected that combustion of jojoba oil leads to smaller NOx-emissions compared to diesel and doesn't lead to SOx emissions at all.[7]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Gentry, Howard Scott (1958). "The natural history of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) and its cultural aspects". Economic Botany. 12 (3): 261–295. doi:10.1007/BF02859772.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ a b c d e Steven J. Phillips, Patricia Wentworth Comus (eds.) (2000). A Natural History of the Sonoran Desert. University of California Press. pp. 256–257. ISBN 0-520-21980-5.
{{cite book}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ Gentry, Howard Scott (1958). "The natural history of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) and its cultural aspects". Economic Botany. 12 (3): 261–295. doi:10.1007/BF02859772.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Tobe, Hiroshi (1992). "Seed coat anatomy, karyomorphology, and relationships ofSimmondsia (Simmondsiaceae)". The Botanical Magazine Tokyo. 105 (4): 529–538. doi:10.1007/BF02489427.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ IENICA "Jojoba" Retrieved on 2011-02-16.
- ^ Abdulrahman S . Alsharhan , Abdulrahman Fowler , Andrew S . Goudie , Eissa M Abdellatif , and Warren W . Wood (2003). Desertification in the third millennium. Lisse: Balkema. pp. 151–172. ISBN 978-0-415-88943-8.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Al-Hamamre, Z. (2013). "Jojoba is a Possible Alternative Green Fuel for Jordan". Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy. 8 (3): 217–226. doi:10.1080/15567240903330442.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Al-Widyan, Mohamad I. (2010). "Experimental investigation of jojoba as a renewable energy source". Energy Conversion and Management. 51 (8): 1702–1707. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2009.11.043.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)
External links[edit]
- "Glossary". International Jojoba Export Council.
- Selected Families of Angiosperms: Rosidae—An explanation of the scientific name
- Jojoba oil as biodiesel
- Alternative Field Crops Manual
- USDA Plants Profile: Simmondsia chinensis
- Howser, Huell (January 14, 2009). "Jojoba – California's Gold (11014)". California's Gold. Chapman University Huell Howser Archive.
Category:Caryophyllales Category:Flora of the California desert regions Category:Flora of the Sonoran Deserts Category:North American desert flora Category:Flora of Utah Category:Waxes Category:Monotypic plant genera