Data Nhwehwɛmu[edit]

Data nhwehwɛmu hwehwɛ sɛ wɔhwehwɛ, tew ho, dannan, na wɔhyehyɛ data de hu nhumu a ɛsom bo, kyerɛ nea wɔtew fi mu, na wɔboa ma wosi gyinae. Ɛwɔ akwan ne afã ahodoɔ, a wɔde akwan ahodoɔ di dwuma wɔ nnwuma ahodoɔ te sɛ adwumayɛ, nyansahu, ne asetena mu nyansahu mu. Wɔ nnɛyi adwumayɛ tebea mu no, data nhwehwɛmu boa kɛse ma gyinaesi ahorow yɛ nea ɛfa osuahu ho kɛse na ɛma adwumayɛ mu mmɔdenbɔ tu mpɔn wɔ nnwuma mu.

Data a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu fa ɔkwan titiriw a wɔfa so hwehwɛ data mu, si akontaabu nhwɛso so dua na wɔda nimdeɛ adi de kyerɛ nea ebefi mu aba sen sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛkyerɛ mu kɛkɛ. Ɔkwan foforo so no, adwumayɛ ho nyansa gyina nsɛm a wɔaboaboa ano nhwehwɛmu so titiriw, na wɔde wɔn adwene si nsɛm a ɛfa adwumayɛ ho so titiriw. Wobetumi akyekyɛ nsɛm mu nhwehwɛmu mu ayɛ no akontabuo a ɛkyerɛkyerɛ mu, nsɛm a wɔhwehwɛ mu nhwehwɛmu (EDA) ne (CDA) nsɛm a wɔde si so dua nhwehwɛmu.

Adeyɛ a wɔde hwehwɛ data mu[edit]

Nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛkyekyɛ ade mũ bi mu ayɛ no ne afã horow a ɛsono emu biara de ayɛ ankorankoro nhwehwɛmu.^[1]Data nhwehwɛmu yɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so nya data a wɔanhyehyɛ no yiye, na akyiri yi wɔdan no nsɛm a mfaso wɔ so ma wɔn a wɔde di dwuma no gyinaesi.^[2]Wɔboaboa nsɛm ano na wɔhwehwɛ mu de bua nsɛmmisa, sɔ nsusuwii hunu hwɛ, anaasɛ wɔkyerɛ sɛ nsusuwii ahorow nyɛ nokware.^[3]

Data a wɔhwehwɛ[edit]

Data no ho hia sɛ nneɛma a wɔde bɛba nhwehwɛmu no mu, a wɔkyerɛ gyina wɔn a wɔkyerɛ nhwehwɛmu no kwan (anaasɛ adetɔfo, a wɔde nhwehwɛmu no mu ade a wɔawie no bedi dwuma) ahwehwɛde so.^[4]^[5] Wonim nnwumakuw a ɛtrɛw a wɔbɛboaboa nsɛm ano afi mu no sɛ sɔhwɛ kuw.Nhwɛso bi ne nnipa dodow a wɔdɔɔso.

Nsɛm a wɔboaboa ano[edit]

Wɔboaboa nsɛm ano fi mmeae ahorow.Ebia nhwehwɛmufo de ahwehwɛde ahorow no akɔma wɔn a wɔhwɛ data no so; te sɛ, Amanneɛbɔ Mfiridwuma adwumayɛfo a wɔwɔ ahyehyɛde bi mu.^[6] Wobetumi nso aboaboa nsɛm no ano afi sensor ahorow a ɛwɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no mu, a kar mfoninitwa mfiri, satellite, mfiri a wɔde kyere nsɛm gu kasɛt so, ne nea ɛkeka ho ka ho Wobetumi nso anya denam nsɛmbisa, nsɛm a wɔtwe fi intanɛt so, anaa nkrataa a wɔkenkan so.^[7]

Data ho dwumadie[edit]

Sɛ wodi kan nya data a, ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ho adwuma anaa wɔyɛ nhyehyɛe na ama nhwehwɛmu ayɛ mmerɛw. Eyi betumi ahwehwɛ sɛ wɔbɛhyehyɛ data no ayɛ no tabular formats a rows ne columns (a wɔfrɛ no structured data) wom, a mpɛn pii no wɔde spreadsheet anaa statistical software na ɛyɛ, de siesie wɔn ho ma nhwehwɛmu a edi hɔ.

Data a wɔtew so[edit]

Sɛ wɔyɛ data no ho adwuma na wɔhyehyɛ wie a, ebia ɛnyɛ nea edi mũ, nea wɔayɛ no abien, anaasɛ mfomso ahorow wɔ mu.^[8] Data ahotew hwehwɛ sɛ wohu na wosiesie mfomso, nsɛm a ɛnhyia, ne nea ɛnteɛ a ɛwɔ dataset bi mu. Nea ɛka ho ne sɛ wobehu na wɔasiesie data a ayera, ayɛ abien, anaa nea ɛho nhia, outliers a wɔbɛhwɛ so, ne formatting haw ahorow a wobedi ho dwuma. Botae titiriw a ɛwɔ data ahotew mu ne sɛ ɛbɛma dataset no ayɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ, adi mũ, na wotumi de ho ato so ama nhwehwɛmu anaa dwumadie, na ɛbɛtew animhwɛ anaa mfomsoɔ a ɛbɛtumi aba a ɛbɛtumi aka nnwuma anaa nhwehwɛmu a data di so. Wobetumi nso nam nhwehwɛmu akwan horow so ahu data ho haw ahorow a ɛte saa. Nhwɛsoɔ; sɛ wɔde sikasɛm ho nsɛm di dwuma a, wobetumi de nneɛma pɔtee bi a ɛsakra no nyinaa atoto akontaabu ahorow a wɔatintim wɔ ɔkwan soronko so a wogye di sɛ wotumi de ho to so no ho.^[9]^[10]

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^ Field, John (2009), "Dividing listening into its components", Listening in the Language Classroom, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 96–109, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511575945.008, ISBN 978-0-511-57594-5, retrieved 2021-05-29
^ "Transforming Unstructured Data into Useful Information", Big Data, Mining, and Analytics, Auerbach Publications, pp. 227–246, 2014-03-12, doi:10.1201/b16666-14, ISBN 978-0-429-09529-0, retrieved 2021-05-29
^ Judd, Charles; McCleland, Gary (1989). Data Analysis. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-516765-0.
^ "USE OF THE DATA", Handbook of Petroleum Product Analysis, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, pp. 296–303, 2015-02-06, doi:10.1002/9781118986370.ch18, ISBN 978-1-118-98637-0, retrieved 2021-05-29
^ Ainsworth, Penne (20 May 2019). Introduction to accounting : an integrated approach. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-60014-5. OCLC 1097366032.
^ MacPherson, Derek (2019-10-16), "Information Technology Analysts' Perspectives", Data Strategy in Colleges and Universities, Routledge, pp. 168–183, doi:10.4324/9780429437564-12, ISBN 978-0-429-43756-4, S2CID 211738958, retrieved 2021-05-29
^ Schutt, Rachel; O'Neil, Cathy (2013). Doing Data Science. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-1-449-35865-5.
^ Bohannon, John (2016-02-24). "Many surveys, about one in five, may contain fraudulent data". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aaf4104. ISSN 0036-8075.
^ Hancock, R.G.V; Carter, Tristan (February 2010). "How reliable are our published archaeometric analyses? Effects of analytical techniques through time on the elemental analysis of obsidians". Journal of Archaeological Science. 37 (2): 243–250. Bibcode:2010JArSc..37..243H. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.10.004. ISSN 0305-4403.
^ "Perceptual Edge-Jonathan Koomey-Best practices for understanding quantitative data-February 14, 2006" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 5, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2014.

[1] Field, John (2009), "Dividing listening into its components", Listening in the Language Classroom, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 96–109, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511575945.008, ISBN 978-0-511-57594-5, retrieved 2021-05-29

[2] "Transforming Unstructured Data into Useful Information", Big Data, Mining, and Analytics, Auerbach Publications, pp. 227–246, 2014-03-12, doi:10.1201/b16666-14, ISBN 978-0-429-09529-0, retrieved 2021-05-29

[3] Judd, Charles; McCleland, Gary (1989). Data Analysis. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-516765-0.

[4] "USE OF THE DATA", Handbook of Petroleum Product Analysis, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, pp. 296–303, 2015-02-06, doi:10.1002/9781118986370.ch18, ISBN 978-1-118-98637-0, retrieved 2021-05-29

[5] Ainsworth, Penne (20 May 2019). Introduction to accounting : an integrated approach. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-60014-5. OCLC 1097366032.

[6] MacPherson, Derek (2019-10-16), "Information Technology Analysts' Perspectives", Data Strategy in Colleges and Universities, Routledge, pp. 168–183, doi:10.4324/9780429437564-12, ISBN 978-0-429-43756-4, S2CID 211738958, retrieved 2021-05-29

[7] Schutt, Rachel; O'Neil, Cathy (2013). Doing Data Science. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-1-449-35865-5.

[8] Bohannon, John (2016-02-24). "Many surveys, about one in five, may contain fraudulent data". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aaf4104. ISSN 0036-8075.

[9] Hancock, R.G.V; Carter, Tristan (February 2010). "How reliable are our published archaeometric analyses? Effects of analytical techniques through time on the elemental analysis of obsidians". Journal of Archaeological Science. 37 (2): 243–250. Bibcode:2010JArSc..37..243H. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.10.004. ISSN 0305-4403.

[10] "Perceptual Edge-Jonathan Koomey-Best practices for understanding quantitative data-February 14, 2006" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 5, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2014.

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