User:Ejvenuti/sandbox

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WaterSense® is a program sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), designed to encourage water efficiency in the United States through the use of a special label on consumer products.[1] The goal of this partnership program is to protect the future of the U.S. water supply. WaterSense® maintains partnerships with key utility, manufacturer and retail partners across the United States. WaterSense® is voluntary, rather than a regulatory program. The USEPA develops specifications for water-efficient products through a public process. If a manufacturer makes a product that meets those specifications, the product is eligible for third-party testing to ensure the stated efficiency and performance criteria have been met. If the product passes the test, the manufacturer is rewarded with the right to put the WaterSense® label on that product.[2]

Background[edit]

WaterSense®, established in 2006, is a voluntary program sponsored by the USEPA as a subset to the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (otherwise known as the Energy Policy Act, or EPACT92), enacted by the United States Congress in 1992. The initiative was in response to 42 U.S.C. §6295(j)-(k), which addresses the conservation of water supply in the United States.[3] EPACT 1992 mandated new volume-based efficiency standards for toilets, showerheads and faucets as follows: toilets must be manufactured with a maximum flush volume of 1.6 gallons per flush (gpf); showerheads must be manufactured with a flow rate of 2.5 gallons per minute (gpm) at 80 pound-force per square inch (psi); and faucets must be manufactured with a flow rate no more than 2.5 gpm.[4] These standards were required to take effect in January of 1994, along with flow-rate labelling requirements and recommendations for the establishment of voluntary replacement programs.[5]

In response to these recommendations, and in anticipation of similar impacts established by the Energy Star program (on water rather than energy), the USEPA launched WaterSense® in 2006. The WaterSense® label was designed to be voluntarily, sought out by manufacturers, and requires that water fixtures use at least 20% less than the federally mandated standards as established by EPACT92.[3] Using the efficiency standards established by EPACT92 as a baseline, the USEPA instituted the following flow-rate guidelines for WaterSense®: toilets must be manufactured with a maximum flush volume of 1.28 gpf; showerheads must have a maximum flow-rate of 2.0 gpm at 80 psi; and bathroom faucets must be manufactured with a low-flow volume rate of 1.5 gpm.[4] Low-flow toilets were the first products to receive the WaterSense® label in 2007, followed by bathroom sink faucets in October of that same year.[6]

The objective of the program is to educate consumers on water conservation and to promote the WaterSense® label. The program was originally designed to promote consumer products (namely, low-flow water fixtures). The program, however, has since expanded to the certification of homes and accreditation of irrigation professionals.[3] The USEPA issued revised draft specifications for landscape irrigation controllers in January 2011.[7] Specifications for pre-rinse spray valves and water softeners are under development as of 2011.[8][9] In June of 2014, WaterSense® began certification of homes, designed to use 20% less water than standard new construction, as well as the accreditation of irrigation professionals for the installation, maintenance, design and auditing of systems.[10] There are no federal standards for irrigation equipment in the U.S., so the USEPA uses calculations of average system efficiency to establish a baseline and volume-based guidelines. The home certification program, called the WaterSense® "New Home Specification" program, specifies criteria for residential indoor and outdoor water use, as well as homeowner education.[3] Version 1.2 of "New Home Specification" can be viewed here.[11]

Between the years of 2006 and 2017, the USEPA has projected that its water conservation program has saved approximately 2.7 trillion gallons of water and 367 billion kilowatt hours of electricity from power required to distribute and handle water.[10] Although EPACT92 was the impetus for this initiative, the WaterSense® program currently operates under a number of congressional authorities, such as the Clean Water Act (sections 104 a, b and o) and Safe Drinking Water Act (section 1442 a).[3][10]

In 2016, a number of proposals were introduced by the 114th Congress to expand the WaterSense® , but no consensus was made.[12] In 2018, the 115th Congress made amendments to the program in Section 4306 of America's Water Infrastructure Act (AWIA) of 2018.[10] The USEPA had no legal authority over WaterSense® or its specifications until the enactment of the AWIA. Section 4306 of AWIA mandates that these specifications "must reduce water use, decrease strain on water systems, conserve energy, and preserve water resources." [13] The AWIA now requires the USEPA to enforce these specifications, although the program is still voluntary, and to update them every six years. In addition to the previously existing parameters of the program, the Act also encourages the USEPA to expand the program beyond water conservation to promote technology for the treatment, reuse and recycling of non-potable water.[13]

Product and Service Specifications[edit]

Poster promoting WaterSense showerheads

Consumer products, such as residential and commercial toilets; bathroom faucets (and accessories); urinals; showerheads; irrigation controllers; and spray sprinkler bodies are eligible for receiving the WaterSense® label.[10] Residential new construction is also able to receive the WaterSense® "New Home Specification" certification and irrigation professionals who have undergone training by WaterSense®-labeled certification program can receive accreditation.[14]

Products that seek the WaterSense® label must:

  • Enter preliminary screening process by WaterSense staff and contractors;
  • Be at least 20% more efficient, without any performance variances, in comparison to conventional counterpart;
  • Have potential for national impact (favored over regionally available products);
  • Be evaluated for ease of installation by consumer and cost-effectiveness;[15]
  • Undergo third-part certification process paid for by the manufacturer.[3]

Note: Products do not require recertification, but 15% of all labeled products are audited annually by the USEPA.[10]

Homes that seek certification must meet guidelines within three criteria: "Indoor Water Efficiency"; "Outdoor Water Efficiency"; and "Homeowner or Resident and Building Management Education."[16] Criteria include:

  • "Indoor Water Efficiency" needs to meet criteria for leaks, service pressure and indoor water fixtures and appliances;
  • "Outdoor Water Efficiency" needs to meet criteria for landscape design, pools/spas and irrigation systems;
  • "Homeowner or Resident and Building Management Education" criteria differ among single-family and multi-family homes, but requires some form of an operating manual.[16]

The USEPA administers educational material and exams to allow irrigation professionals to WaterSense® accreditation. Exams must be renewed every two years to maintain credit.[14]

Partnerships[edit]

The USEPA recruits partners in several different categories including:

  • Utilities, communities, state and local governments
  • Manufacturers
  • Retailers and distributors
  • Organizations that provide qualified certification programs
  • Certified professionals
  • Non-profit organizations and trade associations.

Partner responsibilities include:

  • Promoting WaterSense as well as water efficiency
  • Adhering to WaterSense partner logo guidelines
  • Providing annual data
  • Granting EPA rights to use partner name on the Agency website or alongside other program promotional efforts.

WaterSense® also utilizes promotional partners who endorse and publicize the program among their constituents. Promotional partners include utilities, state and local governments, trade associations, and other non-governmental organizations.[17]

Quantifying the Impact[edit]

The USEPA requires that all partners provide data on their sales and activities regarding WaterSense® product sales and outreach. Lawrence Berkeley National Library (LBNL) uses this data to create a National Water Savings (NWS) model to track water and energy savings. According to this model, consumers have saved 1.5 trillion gallons of water and $32.6 billion dollars on utility bills.[18] LBNL used this data to create a mathematical model to estimate the impacts that WaterSense has had on water conservation in the United States. The model is the difference between the federal baseline codes for water fixtures and WaterSense® labeled products that have been sold annually. This model is also responsible for determining the monetary value of water savings.[18]

References[edit]

  1. ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC. "WaterSense Timeline." Archived February 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Revised 2011-04-14.
  2. ^ EPA. "WaterSense: Product Certification and Labeling." Revised 2011-04-14.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Moore, Keara B. (December 4, 2017). "WaterSense®: Water-Efficiency Label and Partnership Program". Congressional Research Service. Retrieved December 14, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ a b DeOreo, William B. (July 2020). "The Truth About Water Efficiency in the United States". Journal - American Water Works Association. 112: 60–65 – via Wiley Online Library.
  5. ^ Vickers, Amy (August 1993). "The Energy Policy Act: Assessing Its Impact on Utilities". Journal - American Water Works Association. 85: 56–62 – via JSTOR Arts and Sciences X.
  6. ^ Grumbles, Benjamin H. (May 2008). "WaterSense® Makes Good Sense". Journal - American Water Works Association. 100: 34–36 – via Wiley Online Library.
  7. ^ EPA (2011). "Revised Draft Specification for Weather-Based Irrigation Controllers."
  8. ^ EPA (2011). "Pre-Rinse Spray Valves."
  9. ^ EPA (2011). "Cation Exchange Water Softeners."
  10. ^ a b c d e f Humphreys, Elena H. (June 25, 2020). "WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization". Congressional Research Service. Retrieved December 14, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ US EPA, OW (2017-02-08). "Homes Specification". US EPA. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  12. ^ Copeland, Claudia (December 15, 2016). "Water Use Efficiency Legislation in the 114th Congress". Congressional Research Service. Retrieved December 16, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ^ a b Humphreys, Elena H. (March 28, 2019). "America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-270): Drinking Water Provisions". Congressional Research Service. Retrieved December 15, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ^ a b US EPA, OW (2017-01-16). "Professional Certification". US EPA. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  15. ^ Tanner, Stephanie (February 2009). "Current Issue: How Does WaterSense® Select Products for Specification Development?". Journal - American Water Works Association. 101: 37–39 – via Wiley Online Library.
  16. ^ a b EPA, US (July 24, 2014). "WaterSense® Labeled New Home Inspection Checklist" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved December 14, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  17. ^ EPA. "WasterSense Partners." Revised 2011-04-14.
  18. ^ a b Schein, Jonah; et al. (2019). "Methodology for the National Water Savings Models– Indoor Residential and Commercial/Institutional Products, and Outdoor Residential Products". Water Science & Technology. 19.3: 879–890 – via ProQuest. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last= (help)

External links[edit]

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