User:EBMLibrarian/Congenital rubella syndrome
Signs and symptoms[edit]
The classic triad for congenital rubella syndrome is:[3]
- Sensorineural deafness[4] (58% of patients)[5]
- Eye abnormalities—especially retinopathy[4][6], cataract[5][6], glaucoma[6], and microphthalmia[7] (43% of patients)[8]
- Congenital heart disease[9]—especially pulmonary artery stenosis and patent ductus arteriosus (50% of patients)[10]
Other manifestations of CRS may include:
- Spleen[4][6], liver, or bone marrow problems (some of which may disappear shortly after birth)
- Intellectual disability
- Small head size (microcephaly)[6]
- Low birth weight[11]
- Thrombocytopenic purpura[12][4], leading to easy or excessive bleeding or bruising
- Extramedullary hematopoiesis (presents as a characteristic blueberry muffin rash)[13]
- Enlarged liver (hepatomegaly)
- Small jaw size (micrognathia)[12]
- Skin lesions [11]
- Radiolucent bone disease[6]
Children who have been exposed to rubella in the womb should also be watched closely as they age for any indication of:
- Developmental delay[11]
- Autism[14][9][12]
- Schizophrenia[15]
- Growth retardation[16]
- Learning disabilities
- Diabetes mellitus[12]
- Thyroid disorders[12]
Some babies will continue to excrete the virus for months after birth.[17] These infants can sometimes be asymptomatic and do not exhibit any of the clinical symptoms.
Early diagnosis of congenital rubella syndrome is important for planning future medical care and educational placement.[18]
 | This is the sandbox page where you will draft your initial Wikipedia contribution.
If you're starting a new article, you can develop it here until it's ready to go live. If you're working on improvements to an existing article, copy only one section at a time of the article to this sandbox to work on, and be sure to use an edit summary linking to the article you copied from. Do not copy over the entire article. You can find additional instructions here. Remember to save your work regularly using the "Publish page" button. (It just means 'save'; it will still be in the sandbox.) You can add bold formatting to your additions to differentiate them from existing content. |
Article Draft[edit]
Lead[edit]
Article body[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Sudharshan S, Ganesh SK, Biswas J (2010). "Current approach in the diagnosis and management of posterior uveitis". Indian J Ophthalmol. 58 (1): 29–43. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.58470. ISSN 0301-4738. PMC 2841371. PMID 20029144.
- ^ Khurana, Rahul N.; Sadda, Srinivas R. (3 Aug 2006). "Salt-and-Pepper Retinopathy of Rubella". N Engl J Med. 355 (5): 499. doi:10.1056/NEJMicm040780. PMID 16885553.
- ^ "Congenital rubella syndrome | Sense". www.sense.org.uk. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
- ^ a b c d Zimmerman, LA; Reef, SE (2022). "Rubella (German Measles)". In Loscalzo, Joseph; Fauci, A; Kasper, D; Hauser, S; Longo, D; Jameson, J (eds.). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (21st ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
- ^ a b "Pregnancy and Rubella". Centers for Disease Control and and Prevention. Atlanta, Georgia. 2024. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Winter, Amy K.; Moss, William J. (2022-04-02). "Rubella". Lancet (London, England). 399 (10332): 1336–1346. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02691-X. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 35367004.
- ^ Duszak, Robert S. (2009-01). "Congenital rubella syndrome--major review". Optometry (St. Louis, Mo.). 80 (1): 36–43. doi:10.1016/j.optm.2008.03.006. ISSN 1558-1527. PMID 19111256.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Kumar Panda, Prateek (2019). "Diabetic ketoacidosis in a child with congenital rubella syndrome: A case report and review of literature". Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome. 13 (4): 2473–2475. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2019.06.026. ISSN 1878-0334. PMID 31405663.
- ^ a b Shukla, Samarth; Maraqa, Nizar F. (2024), "Congenital Rubella", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 29939656, retrieved 2024-01-28
- ^ Oster ME, Riehle-Colarusso T, Correa A (January 2010). "An update on cardiovascular malformations in congenital rubella syndrome". Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology. 88 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1002/bdra.20621. PMID 19697432.
- ^ a b c "Congenital Rubella Symptoms & Causes | Boston Children's Hospital". www.childrenshospital.org. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
- ^ a b c d e Mawson, Anthony R.; Croft, Ashley M. (2019-09-22). "Rubella Virus Infection, the Congenital Rubella Syndrome, and the Link to Autism". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16 (19): 3543. doi:10.3390/ijerph16193543. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 6801530. PMID 31546693.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Rochester, Caitlin K.; Adams, Daniel J. (2022). "12. Rubella". In Jong, Elaine C.; Stevens, Dennis L. (eds.). Netter's Infectious Diseases (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-323-71159-3.
- ^ Muhle, R; Trentacoste, SV; Rapin, I (May 2004). "The genetics of autism". Pediatrics. 113 (5): e472–86. doi:10.1542/peds.113.5.e472. PMID 15121991. S2CID 6077170.
- ^ Brown, A. S (9 February 2006). "Prenatal Infection as a Risk Factor for Schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 32 (2): 200–202. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbj052. PMC 2632220. PMID 16469941.
- ^ Naeye, Richard L. (1965-12-20). "Pathogenesis of congenital rubella". JAMA. 194 (12): 1277–1283. doi:10.1001/jama.1965.03090250011002. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 5898080.
- ^ Chin-Hong, P.; Joyce, E. A.; Karandikar, M.; Matloubian, M.; Rubio, L.; Schwartz, B.S.; Levinson, W., eds. (2024). "Important Childhood Viruses". Levinson's Review of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, A Guide to Clinical Infectious Diseases (18th ed.). McGraw Hill.
- ^ Leung, A. K. C.; Hon, K. L.; Leong, K. F. (2019-04). "Rubella (German measles) revisited". Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 25 (2): 134–141. doi:10.12809/hkmj187785. ISSN 1024-2708. PMID 30967519.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)