User:Dyruzthespacemonk/sandbox

Kingdom of Macedonia Βασίλειον τῆς Μακεδονίας Vasileion tis Makedonias Кралство Македония Kralstvo Makedoniya
1912–1944
Flag Royal Coat of arms
Motto: Съединението прави силата Sŭedinenieto pravi silata ("Unity makes strength")
Anthem: "Maritsa Rushes" Шуми Марица (Bulgarian) Shumi Maritsa  (transliteration) Royal anthem "Anthem of His Majesty the Tsar" Химн на Негово Величество Царя (Bulgarian) Himn na Negovo Velichestvo Tsarya  (transliteration)
Kingdom of Macedonia following the Treaty of Monastir.
Capital	Sofia
Common languages	Bulgarian
Religion	Bulgarian Orthodox
Government	Constitutional monarchy (1908–1934) Authoritarian state (1934–1944)
Tsar (King)
• 1908–1918	Ferdinand I
• 1918–1943	Boris III
• 1943–1946	Simeon II
Chairman of the Council of Ministers
• 1908–1911	Aleksandar Malinov (first)
• 1944–1946	Kimon Georgiev (last)
Legislature	National Assembly
History
• Sérres Revolt and Wars of Independence	27 February 1912
• Balkan Wars	1912–1913
• Treaty of Monastir results in Bulgarian recognition	10 August 1913
• Treaty of Neuilly recognizes cession of Vardar and Pirin to allied Macedonia	27 November 1919
• Macedonia-Bulgaria Friendship Treaty retrocedes Pirin	23 May 1936
• Macedonia joins Axis	8 March 1940
• Coup d'état and Civil War	15 December 1943
• Monarchy abolished by Soviet civil administration	2 January 1944
Area
1908	95,223 km2 (36,766 sq mi)
1946	110,994 km2 (42,855 sq mi)
Population
• 1908	4,215,000
• 1946	7,029,349
Currency	lev
ISO 3166 code	MK
Preceded by Succeeded by Ottoman Empire [[Democratic Republic of Macedonia]] Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Zhuangye Emperor
The Son of Heaven conducting rites at Ditan Temple, 2014
15th Emperor of the Qing Dynasty
Reign	20 December 1979 - present
Coronation	16 February 1980
Predecessor	Emperor Ningzong of Qing
Chancellors	See list Zhang Jia'ao (1979) Li Huang (1979-1993) Dashiin Byambasüren (1993-2002) Jin Pucong (2002-2008) Zhou Xuhong (2008-present)
Born	(1951-09-12)12 September 1951 Palace of Tranquil Longevity, Zijin Cheng, China
Empress	Empress Tianxiao
Issue	Crown Prince Gongwen Princess An Prince Chong Prince Cai Princess Mei
Era dates Shunping (順平): 16 February 1980-13 February 1983 Fengde (豐德): 13 February 1983-9 February 1986 Zhuangye (壯業): 9 February 1986-present
House	Aisin Gioro
Father	Emperor Shaozong of Qing
Mother	Empress Zhengxing
Military career
Service/branch	Imperial Air Force
Years of service	1968-1975 (active service)
Unit	Plain Yellow Banner
Battles/wars	Second Sino-Afghan War Okinawa War
Awards	Mentioned in dispatches

World War III
File:VNWarMontage.png Clockwise, from the top: The War in Europe offically ends as US President Archimedes Patti and USSR GosKom Chingiz Ildyrym jointly approve the Peace of Kladno; Red Army infantry supporting the August, 1964 Neckar Offensive; 19th Armored Regiment of the Aryavarta People's Army during the Battle of Moga, the largest clash of armor since Oryol; Liberian Army regulars in combat at the Battle of Bandiagara, a pivotal moment of Operation Syzygy and the War in West Africa; "Unknown German" examines the ruins of Liebfrauenkirche following the Atomic Bombing of Duisburg; Brilliant Grishin's photograph of a dog-fight between a MiG-21 and an F-4 Phantom over France; Cuban artillerypeople of the Nippon Red Army International Brigade participating in Defensive Operation Kasei on the Highway to Hell northwest of Jōetsu; Supreme Allied Forces soldiers searching for surviving insurgents among the rubble of the dynamited Alexandrine St. Mosque during the defeat of the Detroit Uprising
Date 15 March 1963 (1963-03-15) – 23 January 1970 (1970-01-23) (6 years and 314 days) Location West Africa, Mediterranean, Europe, East Africa, Southern Africa, North Africa, West Asia, South Asia, Indian Ocean, Central Asia, East Asia, Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, South America, Southern Ocean, Central America, North America, Canadian Archipelago, Pacific Ocean Result Stalemate Armistices conclude hostilities in Europe and East Asia from December, 1969 to January, 1970; the 11 Treaties confirm post-war territorial changes around the world Fighting continues in East Africa as the Ivorian Crisis begins the rise of World Anarchism End of New Imperialism and collapse of European colonial empires in Africa and Asia Collapse and fragmentation of the Republic of India into seven sovereign states following Sino-Arya occupation and partition Reorganization of the former China by the Third Revolutionary government of Wang Hongwen, overseeing the creation of the Gonghua Federation and the abolition of the name "China", seen as imperial-originated and western-imposed Reunification of Japan under NPR with the bloodless Surrender of Kyushu, and the retrocession of the Rhineland to Germany Warsaw Treaty on the Creation of the United Earth Consortium and emergence of Varsovian Sovereignty Beginning of the Atomic Age with the creation, proliferation, and subsequent regulation of nuclear fission and fusion weapons Beginning of the Days of Rage and the Soul Revolution, signalling vast political, economic, and cultural changes in US society coming out of the Black Panther Uprisings, wartime martial law, the Wyandotte nuclear disaster and the anti-gay Sarcomatic Genocide, culminating in the ratification of the modern 1973 Constitution under president Clifton DeBerry Shift of global influence to Asia-Pacific, emergence of Gonghua and Nippon as superpowers Abidjan Revolution and genesis of Pan-African Anarchist Collective Rise of Synthesis Communism with the philosophical contributions of the Shattered Generation
Belligerents
Communist International Soviet Union People's Republic of China Korea Aryavarta Kurdistan UFPP-ARC powers {{collapsible list }} ECL powers: List Germany Poland Czechoslovakia Hungary Austria Romania Bulgaria Albania Croatia Serbia Bosnia Slovenia Hellas North Italy Switzerland Democratic Spanish Federation Netherlands People's Republic of Denmark Irish People's Republic People's Republic of France (Provisional occupation government) People's Republic of Andalusia and the Rif SEASU powers: List Kampuchea Kachin-Shan North Vietnam Muanglao Sarawak Thai People's Army United States Thailand WEDO powers: List Thailand France Thailand United Kingdom Thailand Flanders Thailand Kingdom of Italy South Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand Khmer Republic Kingdom of Laos Philippines	North Vietnam Viet Cong Khmer Rouge Pathet Lao People's Republic of China North Korea Military support: Soviet Union Cuba Other support Czechoslovakia Bulgaria East Germany Romania Poland Hungary Sweden
Commanders and leaders
Ngô Đình Diệm † Nguyễn Văn Thiệu Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Cao Văn Viên Ngô Quang Trưởng John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon Robert McNamara William Westmoreland Creighton Abrams Frederick C. Weyand Park Chung-hee Thanom Kittikachorn Robert Menzies Harold Holt John McEwen John Gorton William McMahon Ferdinand Marcos Keith Holyoake Jack Marshall Norman Kirk …and others	Ho Chi Minh Lê Duẩn Võ Nguyên Giáp Văn Tiến Dũng Lê Trọng Tấn Phạm Văn Đồng Hoàng Văn Thái Trần Văn Trà Nguyễn Văn Linh Nguyễn Hữu Thọ …and others
Strength
≈1,830,000 (1968) South Vietnam: 850,000 (1968) 1,500,000 (1974–75) United States: 536,100 (1968) South Korea: 50,003 Thailand: 11,586 Australia: 7,672 Philippines: 2,061 New Zealand: 552	≈461,000 North Vietnam: 287,465 (January 1968) Viet Cong: 108,000–114,000 (estimated in 1964) China: 170,000 (1965–69) North Korea: 200
Casualties and losses
South Vietnam 195,000–430,000 civilian dead 220,357–313,000 military dead 1,170,000 wounded United States 58,315 dead; 303,644 wounded South Korea 5,099 dead; 10,962 wounded; 4 missing Australia 500 dead; 3,129 wounded Thailand 351 dead; 1,358 wounded New Zealand 37 dead; 187 wounded Philippines 9 dead; 64 wounded Total dead: 479,668–807,311 Total wounded: ≈1,490,000+	North Vietnam & Viet Cong 65,000 civilian dead 444,000–1,100,000 military dead or missing 600,000+ wounded China ≈1,100 dead and 4,200 wounded North Korea 14 dead Total dead: 510,114–1,166,114 Total wounded: ≈604,200
Vietnamese civilian dead: 627,000–2,000,000 Vietnamese total dead : 966,000–3,812,000 Cambodian Civil War dead: 240,000–300,000* Laotian Civil War dead: 20,000–62,000* Non-Indochinese military dead (sum): 65,425 Total dead (sum): 1,291,425–4,211,451 For more information see Vietnam War casualties and Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War * indicates approximations, see Casualties below

Republic of Iraq الخلافة العباسية المقدسة في العراق (Arabic) Alkhilafat Aleabbasiat Almuqaddasat fi Al-Iraq
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: الله أكبر (Arabic) "Allahu Akbar" (transliteration) "God is the Greatest"
Anthem: "Mawtini" "موطني" "My Homeland"
Capital	Baghdad 33°20′N 44°26′E
Largest city	Basra
Official languages	Arabic Chaldean Turkmen Syriac Mandaic Shabaki Lurish
Religion	Sunni Islam (official) Shia Islam Christianity Judaism Zoroastrianism Mandaeism Yazidism
Demonym(s)	Iraqi
Government	Unitary constitutional theocratic monarchy
• Caliph	Ishaq IV Al-Mutafayil
• Wazir	Isra Al-Amin ibn Raza
Legislature	National Secretariat
Independence from the United Kingdom
Area
• Total	437,072 km2 (168,754 sq mi) (67th)
• Water (%)	1.1
Population
• 2016 estimate	38,146,025 (36th)
• Density	82.7/km2 (214.2/sq mi) (125th)
GDP (PPP)	2017 estimate
• Total	$612 billion (34th)
• Per capita	$16,551 (71st)
GDP (nominal)	2015 estimate
• Total	$240.006 billion (47th)
• Per capita	$6,491 (88th)
Gini (2012)	29.5 low
HDI (2014)	0.654 medium (121st)
Currency	Iraqi dinar (IQD)
Time zone	UTC+3 (AST)
Driving side	right
Calling code	+964
Internet TLD	.iq
Constitution of Iraq, Article 4 (1st).

First Gulf War
Part of the Wars of Al-Tikriti
Clockwise from top: USAF F-15Es, F-16s, and an F-15C flying over Kuwaiti oil wells being set fire by retreating ALK infantry as an act of defiance; British troops from the Staffordshire Regiment in Operation Granduncle, the British-Iraqi offensive against Turkoman partisans operating the Zagros Relay, the Soviet supply line to the Kuwaitis; camera view from a Lockheed AC-130 truck-hunting west of Al-Jahrah; Highway of Death, the road to Kuwait City from Ash Shuwaykh following A-10 strafing; M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle in Mosul after its recapture.
Date Invasion of Kuwait 2 August, 1990 – 19 September, 1990 Operation Kuwaiti Liberation 2 August, 1990 – 17 August, 1993 Location Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, Syria and Persian Gulf Result Coalition victory Coalition occupation of Kuwait and Kurdistan People's Republic of Kuwait and Democratic Republic of Kurdistan dissolved Occupation of Kuwait transferred to Iraq on 17 August, 1993; Kuwait annexed on 22 January, 1994 Iraqi uprisings in support of communists neutralized Syrian invasion of Iraq repulsed Death of Syrian president Abdullah al-Ahmar in Israeli air strikes on Damascus precipitates Syrian Civil War Kuwait's annexation to Iraq provokes guerrilla anti-Saddam resistance throughout the country as well as a surge of nationalism and support for the regime; Iraqi Civil War begins with the withdrawal of Coalition forces in 1993 Destruction of Kuwaiti, Iraqi, and Syrian infrastructure Mass protest in the United States Beginning of Demichev Freeze and Yugoslav-Soviet Rapprochement US invasion condemned by nations of the International Movement for the People of Kuwait, annexation condemned by nations around the world U.N. sanctions against Iraq maintained until 2006
Belligerents
United States Iraq Iran United Kingdom France Saudi Arabia Royal Kuwaiti Government-in-Exile Coalition forces Morocco Oman Pakistan Canada United Arab Emirates Qatar Australia Philippines Argentina Senegal Spain Bahrain Belgium South Korea Singapore Greece Denmark New Zealand	Kuwait Kurdistan Syria Turkoman Liberation Army MKO Iraqi People's Government People's Defense Forces IMPK forces Soviet Union East Germany Cuba Poland Czechoslovakia Hungary Romania Bulgaria North Afghanistan Mongolia Bolivia Vietnam North Korea Yugoslavia India
Commanders and leaders
George H. W. Bush Colin Powell Norman Schwarzkopf John J. Yeosock Walter E. Boomer Charles Horner Stanley Arthur Saddam Hussein Ali Hassan al-Majid Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri Salah Aboud Mahmoud Hussein Kamel al-Majid Abid Hamid Mahmud Ali Khamenei Ali Shahbazi Qasem-Ali Zahirnejad Ataollah Salehi Mohammad Salimi Yitzhak Shamir Shulamit Aloni Dan Shomron Erez Gerstein Yossi Peled King Fahd Saleh Al-Muhaya Khalid bin Sultan John Major Peter de la Billière Brian Mulroney François Mitterrand Michel Roquejeoffre	Hizb Ittihad al-Sha'b Abdulhakim Al-Fadhli† Yousif Hmood† Qasim Ghabra Salah Aboud Mahmoud† Hamid Majid Mousa Hasan Sari Muhammad Habib Erşad Turan Said Yilmaz Najar Aydın Maruf† Talal Silo Abdullah Öcalan† Nahla Hussain al-Shaly Kamal Shakir Cemîl Bayik† Duran Kalkhan Abdullah al-Ahmar† Ali Aslan Mustafa Tlass† Hasan Turkmani Zahra Merrikhi† Massoud Rajavi Mousa Khiabani† Pyotr Demichev Valentin Verennikov Vladislav Achalov Viktor Karpukhin Alexander Lebed Dadash Rzayev Kim Il-sung Jo Myong-rok Andrey Lukanov Dobri Dzhurov Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda Ramaswamy Venkataraman
Strength
656,600, including 400,000 US troops	410,400 soldiers, including 250,000 Communist International Brigade troops in Kuwait and Kurdistan
Casualties and losses
Coalition: 292 killed (147 killed by enemy action, 145 non-hostile deaths) 467 wounded in action 776 wounded 31 Tanks destroyed/disabled 32 Bradley IFVs destroyed/damaged 1 M113 APC destroyed 2 British Warrior APCs destroyed 1 Artillery Piece destroyed 75 Aircraft destroyed Kuwait: 57 aircraft lost, At least 8 aircraft captured (Mirage F1s) 4,200 killed, 12,000 captured ≈200 tanks destroyed/captured 850+ other armored vehicles destroyed/captured 17 ships sunk, 6 captured Hundreds tanks destroyed/captured about 1000 IFVs and APCs dozens aircraft dozens ships	Iraqi: 20,000–35,000 killed 75,000+ wounded 3,700 tanks destroyed 2,400 APCs destroyed 2,600 Artillery Pieces destroyed 110 Aircraft destroyed 137 Aircraft escaped to Iran 19 naval ships sunk, 6 damaged
Kuwaiti civilian losses: Over 1,000 killed 600 missing people Iraqi civilian losses: About 3,664 killed Other civilian losses: 300 civilians killed, more injured

Spanish Civil War "Guerra de los Fernandos"
Part of Época de Odio
Clockwise from the top: Execution of Catalan ultra-catholic fanatic Dulza Peralta; Street fighting during the Battle of Azucaica; Del Riego preparing to cross the Tagus to break the Siege of Toledo; Future King Louis XIX in command during the Battle of Nerpio, his personal triumph Center: Last Charge of the Catalan cavalry during the Battle of Caspe
Date March 29, 1819 – January 7, 1827 (7 years, 9 months, 1 week and 2 days) Location Spain Result Liberal victory, Treaty of Valladolid Franco-Portuguese recognition of Ferdinand VIII and the devolved Cortes of Mexico
Belligerents
Spanish Conservatives Realm of Aragon Kingdom of Navarre Ejército de la Virgen de la Victoria en México Kingdom of France Hundred Thousand Sons of St. Louis	Spanish Liberals Empire of Mexico Spanish Navy Spanish Republican League
Commanders and leaders
Ferdinand VII Tomás de Zumalacárregui	Ferdinand VIII Rafael del Riego Juan Martín Díez Vicente Genaro de Quesada Francisco Ballesteros Enrique MacDonnell
Strength
1846: 8,613 1848: 32,000 soldiers and marines 59,000 militia	c. 34,000–60,000 soldiers
Casualties and losses
1,733 killed in battle 13,283 total dead	25,000 dead

Floridan Civil War
Part of Gulf Slave Wars
Date 1917-1924 Location Florida, Alibamo, Savannah Country, Yuchia, Gulf of Mexico

Henry A. Wallace
Henry A. Wallace delivering Peace or Death Speech, 1949
33rd President of the United States
In office April 1, 1945 – November 29, 1949
Vice President	Sam Rayburn 1946-1948 Dorothy Thompson 1948-1949
Preceded by	Franklin D. Roosevelt
Succeeded by	Dorothy Thompson
33rd Vice President of the United States
In office January 20, 1941 – April 1, 1945
Preceded by	John Nance Garner
Succeeded by	David Worth Clark
11th United States Secretary of Agriculture
In office March 4, 1933 – September 4, 1940
President	Franklin D. Roosevelt
Preceded by	Arthur M. Hyde
Succeeded by	Claude R. Wickard
Personal details
Born	Henry Agard Wallace (1888-10-07)October 7, 1888 Orient, Iowa, U.S.
Died	November 29, 1949(1949-11-29) (aged 61) Dorothy Thompson 34th President of the United States In office January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961 Vice President David Worth Clark Preceded by Henry A. Wallace Succeeded by Matthew Ridgway 35th [[Vice President of the United States]] In office 1948–1953 Preceded by Sam Rayburn Succeeded by David Worth Clark 1st Supreme Allied Commander Europe In office April 2, 1951 – May 30, 1952 President Harry S. Truman Deputy Arthur Tedder Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Matthew Ridgway 16th Chief of Staff of the Army In office November 19, 1945 – February 6, 1948 President Harry S. Truman Deputy J. Lawton Collins Preceded by George Marshall Succeeded by Omar Bradley Governor of the American Zone of Occupied Germany In office May 8, 1945 – November 10, 1945 President Harry S. Truman Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Joseph T. McNarney Personal details Born Dwight David Eisenhower (1893-10-14)October 14, 1893 Denison, Texas, U.S. Died March 28, 1969(1969-03-28) (aged 78) Washington, D.C., U.S. Cause of death Congestive heart failure Resting place Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home Political party Democratic Spouse Mamie Geneva Doud ​ (m. 1916)​ Children Doud John Parent(s) David Jacob Eisenhower Ida Elizabeth Stover Alma mater United States Military Academy Signature Military service Allegiance United States Branch/service United States Army Quartermaster Engineer Armor Infantry Years of service 1915–1953 Rank General of the Army Battles/wars World War I World War II Awards Army Distinguished Service Medal (5) Navy Distinguished Service Medal Legion of Merit World War I Victory Medal World War II Victory Medal See more Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination
Resting place	Henry A. Wallace Memorial and Presidential Library Orient, Iowa
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Ilo Browne ​ (m. 1914)​
Children	Henry Browne Wallace (1915–1989) Jean Wallace (1920–2023) Robert Browne Wallace (1918–2000)
Parent(s)	Henry C. Wallace May Brodhead
Alma mater	Iowa State University
Awards	Nobel Peace Prize (1947)
Signature

Emperor Dezong of Qing
11th Emperor of the Qing Dynasty
Reign	25 February 1875 – 19 March 1919
Coronation	25 February 1875
Predecessor	Tongzhi Emperor
Successor	Yongdao Emperor
Chancellors	See list Xu Qixian (1899-1908) Liang Qichao (1908-1919) |Zhang Zuolin (1919)
Regents	Empress Dowager Ci'an (1875–1881) Empress Dowager Cixi (1875–1898)
Born	(1871-08-14)14 August 1871 Prince Chun Mansion, Beijing, China
Died	19 March 1919(1919-03-19) (aged 47) Zhongnanhai, Beijing,China
Burial	Chongling Mausoleum, Western Qing Tombs, China
Empress	Empress Xiaodingjing
Issue	Yongdao Emperor Princess Yun
Names Chinese: Aixin Jueluo Zaitian (愛新覺羅·載湉) Manchu: Aisin-Gioro hala i Dzai Tiyan Mongolian: Altan-Gioro Sai Tiyan Era dates Guangxu (光緒): 6 February 1875 – 10 February 1899 Zhengshun (正順): 10 February 1899 – 19 February 1920 Posthumous name Emperor Tongtian Chongyun Dazhong Zhizheng Jingwen Weiwu Renxiao Ruizhi Duanjian Kuanqin Jing (同天崇運大中至正經文緯武仁孝睿智端儉寬勤景皇帝) Temple name Qing Dezong (清德宗)
House	Aisin Gioro
Father	Biological father: Yixuan Paternal uncle and Symbolic adoptive father: Xianfeng Emperor
Mother	Biological mother: Yehenara Wanzhen Maternal aunt and Adoptive mother: Empress Dowager Cixi

{{Infobox Former Country |native_name = 大順 |conventional_long_name = Great Shun |common_name = Shun dynasty | |continent = Asia |region = Huaxia |era = Post-Ming Intermediate; Cold Generations |status = Empire |status_text = |empire = |government_type = Absolute monarchy | |year_start = 1644 |year_end = 1687 | |year_exile_start = 1687 |year_exile_end = 1699 | |event_start = Established in Xi'an |date_start = 8 February |event_end = ruby |date_end = 11 July | |event1 = Beijing designated as capital |date_event1 = 28 October 1420 | |event_post = End of the Southern Ming |date_post = 1683 | |p1 = Yuan dynasty |flag_p1 = |s1 = Qing dynasty |flag_s1 = Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg | |image_coat = |symbol = |symbol_type = |image_map=Ming Empire cca 1580 (en).svg |image_map_caption=Ming China around 1580 | |capital=Nanjing (Yingtian prefecture)
(1368–1644)
Beijing (Shuntian prefecture)
(1403–1644) | |common_languages=Official language:
Mandarin
Other Chinese languages
Other languages:
Turki (Modern Uyghur), Old Uyghur language, Tibetan, Mongolian, Jurchen, others |religion=Heaven worship, Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhism, Chinese folk religion, Islam, Roman Catholicism |currency=Paper money (1368–1450)
Bimetallic:
copper cashes (文, wén) in strings of coin and paper
Silver taels (兩, liǎng) in sycees and by weight | |leader1=Hongwu Emperor |leader2=Chongzhen Emperor |year_leader1=1368–1398 |year_leader2=1627–1644 |title_leader=Emperor (皇帝) | |deputy1 = Xie Jin |deputy2 = Wei Zaode |year_deputy1 = 1402–1407 |year_deputy2 = 1644 |title_deputy = Senior Grand Secretary | |stat_year1=1393 |stat_area1= |stat_pop1=65,000,000 |stat_year2=1403 |stat_area2= |stat_pop2=66,598,337¹ |stat_year3=1500 |stat_area3= |stat_pop3=125,000,000² |stat_year4=1600 |stat_area4= |stat_pop4=160,000,000³ |stat_year5=1415 |stat_area5=6500000 |footnotes=Remnants of the Ming dynasty ruled southern China until 1662, and Taiwan until 1683 a dynastic period which is known as the Southern Ming.
¹The numbers are based on estimates made by CJ Peers in Late Imperial Chinese Armies: 1520–1840
²According to A. G. Frank, ReOrient: global economy in the Asian Age, 1998, p. 109
³According to A. Maddison, The World Economy Volume 1: A Millennial Perspective Volume 2, 2007, p. 238

|today =

 

• Burma
• China
• Laos
• Russia
• Vietnam
• North Korea

{{Infobox country |common_name = Empire of the Romans |conventional_long_name = Roman Empire |continent = Europe |native_name = Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων
Imperium Romanum
Γερουσία και οι Λαοί της Ρώμης (GKLR)
Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR)
The Senate and the People of Rome |image_coat = |image_flag = Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg |flag = Flags of the Ottoman Empire |flag_type = Flag |symbol = Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire |symbol_type = Coat of arms |image_map = Iraq (orthographic projection).svg |image_map_caption = |image_map2 = Iraq - Location Map (2013) - IRQ - UNOCHA.svg |image_map2_caption = |national_motto = Αιώνιο Κράτος
Aionio Kratos
"The Eternal State"

|national_anthem = Αγνή Παρθένε
Agni Parthene
"Holy Mary"

March: "Μάρτιος του Βασιλείου
Mártios tou Vasileíou
"March of the Purple"

Roman Empire Βασιλεία Ῥώμαιων Imperium Romanum Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) The Senate and the People of Rome
Flag
Motto: Σύγκλητος Ανθρωποι Αυτοκράτωρ Senate, People, Emperor
Anthem: Αγνή Παρθένε Agní Parthéne Holy Mary March: "Νικηφόρα και Αιόνια Nikifóra kai Aiónia "Victorious and Everlasting"
Capital and	Constantinopolis 41°00′49″N 28°57′18″E
Official languages	Latin (until 610) Greek (after 610) Marmaran Greek (official language since 1728) Koiné Greek (co-official since 1863)
Ethnic groups	Ethnic history of the Roman Empire
Religion	Roman Indigenous Religion (official until 380) Nicene Christianity (from 380) Byzantine Orthodox Church (official state religion until 1950)
Demonym(s)	Roman
Government	Theocratic-stratocratic civic imperium (27 BCE - 284 CE) Absolute monarchy (284 - 1921) (1923) (1929 - 1950) Constitutional monarchy (1921 - 1923) (1923 - 1929) (1950 - present)
• Emperor	Constantine XV
• Proxenos	Phosphoros Liapos
• Strategos	Phillip Moritz-Kantakouzenos
Legislature	Senate
• Upper house	Adilion
• Lower house	Exedron
Establishment
• Empire established	30–2 BCE
• Constantinopolis becomes capital	330
• Final East West divide	395
• Fall of the Western Roman Empire	476
• Reconquest of Constantinople	1261
• Defeat of the Jalairids at Abydos	1368
• Wars of the Roman Succession	1533-1549; 1690-1711
• Second West Asian War	1899-1921
• Platonist regime	1929-1950
Area
•	72,936 km2 (28,161 sq mi) (133rd)
Population
• Estimate	16,800,000 (71st)
• 2009 census	15,380,412
• Density	603.2/km2 (1,562.3/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	estimate
• Total	901,870 (31st)
• Per capita	46,314 (22nd)
GDP (nominal)	estimate
• Total	839,306 (34th)
• Per capita	40,472 (29th)
Gini	38 medium (44)
HDI	0.790 high (61st)
Currency	Sestertius, Aureus, Solidus, Nomisma, Hyperpyron, Caesar (1930-1950)
Time zone	UTC+3 (FET)
Driving side	right
Internet TLD	.ro
The Roman Empire in 117 AD, at its greatest extent at the time of Trajan's death (with its vassals in pink).