User:Chasuble/List of objects in the British Museum's Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan

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List of objects in the British Museum's Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan. The Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan in the British Museum in London holds some 100,000 objects.[1] As a comprehensive survey is not feasible, this list covers some of the most notable items in the Museum’s collection. Objects are displayed primarily in Rooms 4 and 61-66.

Introduction[edit]

The British Museum, Room 4 - Egyptian Sculpture

The British Museum houses the world's largest and most comprehensive collection of Egyptian antiquities outside the Egyptian Museum in Cairo and the Museo Egizio in Turin.[1][h] A collection of immense importance for its range and quality, it includes objects of all periods from virtually every site of importance in Egypt and the Sudan. Together they illustrate every aspect of the cultures of the Nile Valley (including Nubia), from the Predynastic Neolithic period (c. 10,000 BC) through to the Coptic (Christian) times (12th century AD), a time-span over 11,000 years.

Egyptian antiquities have formed part of the British Museum collection ever since its foundation in 1753 after receiving 160 Egyptian objects[2] from Sir Hans Sloane. After the defeat of the French forces under Napoleon at the Battle of the Nile in 1801, the Egyptian antiquities collected were confiscated by the British army and presented to the British Museum in 1803. These works, which included the famed Rosetta Stone, were the first important group of large sculptures to be acquired by the Museum. Thereafter, the UK appointed Henry Salt as consul in Egypt who amassed a huge collection of antiquities. Most of the antiquities Salt collected were purchased by the British Museum and the Musée du Louvre. By 1866 the collection consisted of some 10,000 objects. Antiquities from excavations started to come to the Museum in the later 19th century as a result of the work of the Egypt Exploration Fund under the efforts of E.A. Wallis Budge. The collection stood at 57,000 objects by 1924. Active support by the Museum for excavations in Egypt continued to result in useful acquisitions throughout the 20th century until changes in antiquities laws in Egypt led to the suspension of policies allowing finds to be exported. The size of the Egyptian collections now stands at over 110,000 objects.[3]

In autumn 2001 the eight million objects forming the Museum's permanent collection were further expanded by the addition of six million objects from the Wendorf Collection of Egyptian and Sudanese Prehistory.[4] These were donated by Professor Fred Wendorf of Southern Methodist University in Texas, and comprise the entire collection of artefacts and environmental remains from his excavations between 1963 and 1997. They are in the care of the Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan.

The seven permanent Egyptian galleries at the British Museum, which include its largest exhibition space (Room 4, for monumental sculpture), can display only 4% of its Egyptian holdings. The second-floor galleries have a selection of the Museum's collection of 140 mummies and coffins, the largest outside Cairo. A high proportion of the collection comes from tombs or contexts associated with the cult of the dead, and it is these pieces, in particular the mummies, that remain among the most eagerly sought after exhibits by visitors to the Museum.


Room 4: Egyptian sculpture[edit]

The sculptures in Room 4 cover the period from 2600 BC – 2nd century AD.

"Large-scale sculpture was an important feature of the great temples and tombs of ancient Egypt and was believed to be imbued with powerful spiritual qualities. Sculptures on display in Room 4 include stylised depictions of kings, deities and symbolic objects ranging from the time of the Old Kingdom to the middle of the Roman Period. There are also architectural pieces from temples and tombs. An imposing stone bust of the great pharaoh Ramesses II presides over the room, while the world-famous Rosetta Stone, with its inscribed scripts, demonstrates how Egypt’s ancient form of pictographic writing was deciphered for the first time."[5]

The list below includes the 44 objects selected on the British Museum's website as "highlight objects" from Room 4.[2]

Sculptures relating to deities and named historical figures[edit]

Upper part of a limestone statue of Queen Ahmose-Merytamun
Colossal granite head of Amenhotep III
Colossal limestone bust of Amenhotep III
Seated statue of Amenhotep III
  • Sarcophagus of Hapmen (also known as the 'Lover's fountain'), found in Cairo, Egypt. 26th Dynasty or later, 600-300 BC. Ref. No. EA 23.[11]
Sarcophagus of Nectanebo II
Painted statue of Nenkheftka
The 'Younger Memnon', a colossal bust of Ramesses II
Face from the sarcophagus of Ramesses VI
The Shabako Stone
  • The Shabako Stone, from Memphis, Egypt. 25th Dynasty, around 700 BC. Ref. No. EA 498.[34]
Granite statue of Amun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa

Other objects[edit]

Beard fragment of the Great Sphinx
Limestone statue of a husband and wife, detail of the husband
  • Red granite column, from the Temple of Heryshef, Herakleopolis, Egypt. Originally 12th Dynasty, about 1985-1795 BC. Ref. No. EA 1123.[47]
  • The Rosetta Stone, from Fort St Julien, el-Rashid (Rosetta), Egypt. Ptolemaic Period, 196 BC. Ref. No. EA 24.[49]

Room 61: Tomb-chapel of Nebamun[edit]

The Michael Cohen Gallery, with objects dating from 1400 – 1300 BC.

"The British Museum acquired 11 wall-paintings from the tomb-chapel of a wealthy Egyptian official called Nebamun in the 1820s. Dating from about 1350 BC, they are some of the most famous works of art from Ancient Egypt. Following a ten-year period of conservation and research, the paintings are now on display together for the first time. They give the impression of the walls of colour that would have been experienced by the ancient visitors to the tomb-chapel. Objects dating from the same time period and a 3D animation of the tomb-chapel will help to set the tomb-chapel in context and allow visitors to experience how the finished tomb would have looked."[6]

The following 13 objects are featured "highlight objects" in the British Museum's webpage for the Tomb-chapel, and include ten wall-painting fragments.[50]

Wall paintings from the tomb-chapel of Nebamun[edit]

  • A feast for Nebamun, the bottom half of a scene from the tomb-chapel of Nebamun, Thebes, Egypt. 18th Dynasty, around 1350 BC. Ref. No. EA 37986.[51]
  • A feast for Nebamun, the top half of a scene from the tomb-chapel of Nebamun, Thebes, Egypt. Late 18th Dynasty, around 1350 BC. Ref. Nos. EA EA 37984, EA 7981.[52]
  • Nebamun’s cattle, fragment of a scene from the tomb-chapel of Nebamun. Thebes, Egypt. Late 18th Dynasty, around 1350 BC. Ref. No. EA 37976.[55]
  • Nebamun’s garden, fragment of a scene from the tomb-chapel of Nebamun. Thebes, Egypt. Late 18th Dynasty, around 1350 BC. Ref. No. EA 37983.[56]
  • Nebamun’s geese, a fragment of a scene from the tomb-chapel of Nebamun. Thebes, Egypt. Late 18th Dynasty, around 1350 BC. Ref. No. EA 37978.[57]
  • Offerings for Nebamun, fragment of a scene from the tomb-chapel of Nebamun. Thebes, Egypt. Late 18th Dynasty, around 1350 BC. Ref. No. 37985.[58]

Other objects[edit]

Rooms 62 and 63: Egyptian death and afterlife - mummies[edit]

The Roxie Walker Galleries. The galleries cover a period from about 2686 BC – AD 395.

"Death and the afterlife held particular significance and meaning for the ancient Egyptians. Complex funeral preparations and rites were thought to be needed to ensure the transition of the individual from earthly existence to immortality. Mummification, magic and ritual are investigated through the objects on display in Rooms 62–63. These include coffins, mummies, funerary masks, portraits and other items designed to be buried with the deceased. Modern research methods such as x-rays and CT scans are used to examine the mummification process."[7]

The following include the 41 "highlight objects" from Rooms 62 and 63, as featured on the British Museum website.[64]

Outer coffins[edit]

Inner coffins[edit]

Coffins[edit]

  • Wooden coffin of Pasenhor, from the burial of the Libyan Pasenhor, Thebes, Egypt. Late Third Intermediate Period, 730-680 BC. Ref. No. EA 24906.[70]
  • Coffin of Taminis, from Akhmim, Egypt. Early Roman Period, late 1st century BC to early 1st century AD. Ref. No. EA 29587.[72]
  • Coffin of Tpaeus, from Qurna, Thebes, Egypt. Roman Period, early second century AD. Ref. No. EA 6708.[73]
  • Coffin of a woman, from Akhmim, Egypt. Early Roman Period, late 1st century BC to early 1st century AD. Ref. No. EA 29586.[74]

Mummy portraits, cases, boards and masks[edit]

Mummies[edit]

  • Mummy of Katebet, from Thebes, Egypt. Late 18th or early 19th Dynasty, around 1300-1280 BC. Ref. No. EA 6665.[87]
  • Mummy of a cat, from Abydos, Upper Egypt. Roman Period, perhaps 1st century AD. Ref. No. EA 37348.[89]

Shabtis[edit]

  • Shabti box of Hor, from the tomb of the priest Hor, probably at Deir el-Bahari, Thebes, Egypt. 25th Dynasty, around 680 BC. Ref. No. EA 8525.[92]

Stelae[edit]

Other objects[edit]

Detail of page from the Book of the Dead of Hunefer
Detail of papyrus from the Book of the Dead of Padiamenet

Room 64: Early Egypt[edit]

The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Gallery, covering the period from 3100 – 2600 BC.

"Rapid advances in the technology and social organisation of Egypt during the fifth millennium BC produced a material culture of increasing sophistication. Further innovations followed in about 3100 BC when the separate Predynastic peoples of upper and lower Egypt were united under a single ruler. The resulting increase in wealth and strong central control led to dramatic achievements in architecture, writing and fine goods, culminating in the building of the Great Pyramids of Giza in around 2600 BC. Objects on display in Room 64 illustrate the cultural, technological and political development of early civilisation in Egypt throughout this period."[8]

The following include the 29 "highlight objects" from Room 64, as featured on the British Museum website.[106]

Bone figure of a woman
Ivory figure of a woman with incised features
Limestone relief slab from the tomb of Rehotep
  • Model of a house, from a grave at el-Amra, Egypt. Late Predynastic period, about 3200 BC. Ref. No. EA 35505.[123]
The Battlefield Palette

Room 65: Egypt and Nubia[edit]

The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Gallery.

"Ancient Nubia, the Nile Valley upstream of the First Cataract, now straddles the border between Egypt and Sudan. Rich and vibrant cultures developed in this region at the same time as Pharaonic Egypt. Among them was the earliest sub-Saharan urban culture in Africa, which was based at Kerma. These cultures traded extensively with Egypt and for two brief periods Nubian kingdoms dominated their northern neighbour. The objects on display in Room 65 illustrate these indigenous pagan, Christian and Islamic cultures and the interaction between Nubia and Egypt."[9]

The following include the 32 "highlight objects" from Room 64, as featured on the British Museum website.[136]

File:Aegis of Isis - Sudan 300s bc - British Museum - 83d40m.JPG
Aegis of Isis
  • Bronze bowl, from the Meroitic cemetery at Faras, Sudan. 1st-3rd century AD. Ref. No. EA 51462.[140]
Fragment of painted plaster from the tomb of Sebekhotep: Africans bearing gold and other items
Sphinx of Taharqo
  • The Semna dispatches, from Thebes, Egypt. 12th Dynasty, reign of Amenemhat III (1854-1808 BC). Ref. No. EA 10752; EA 10753 sheet 3.[168]

Room 66: Ethiopia and Coptic Egypt[edit]

Objects on display in Room 66 date from 4th - 8th centuries AD.

"By the fourth century AD, Christianity was flourishing in both Egypt and Ethiopia. Christian Egyptians became known as the Copts (from the Greek name for Egyptians) and the church maintained strong links with its Ethiopian counterparts. Since antiquity, Ethiopia had been a major trade route, linking Egypt and the Mediterranean with India and the Far East. The resulting history of cultural exchange and religious diversity is illustrated through objects in Room 66, which reflect the faiths and identities which coexisted in Egypt and Ethiopia. Objects from towns, monasteries and settlements range from decorated textiles and architectural elements, to sculpture and ceramics."[10]

The following include the seven "highlight objects" from Room 64, as featured on the British Museum website.[169]

Great Court[edit]

Head from a statue of Amenhotep III

Other related objects[edit]

The following are "highlight objects" from the British Museum website Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan page. No location for the objects within the Museum is noted.[179]

The Abbott Papyrus
Arched wooden harp
  • Bracelets of Nimlot, said to be from Sais, the western Nile Delta, Egypt. 22nd Dynasty, around 940 BC. Ref. Nos. EA 14954; EA 14595.[195]
Breccia statue of the goddess Taweret
Breccia statue of the goddess Taweret
Bronze arched sistrum with Hathor head decoration
  • Coptic ostrakon, possibly from Thebes, Egypt. Early Islamic period, perhaps 7th or 8th century AD. Ref. No. EA 14030.[229]
  • Demotic papyrus, from Thebes, Egypt. Ptolemaic period, reign of Ankhwenennefer, 194 BC. Ref. No. EA 10831.[231]
  • The Dream Book, from Deir el-Medina, Egypt. 19th Dynasty, around 1275 BC. Ref. No. EA 10683.[233]
  • Egyptian mummy mask, from Abydos, Egypt. Late 1st century BC-early 1st century AD (Greco-Roman Period). Ref. No. EA 51146.[237]
  • Faience pectoral, from Egypt. New Kingdom, perhaps reign of Ramesses II, around 1250 BC. Ref. No. EA 7853.[243]
The Gayer-Anderson cat
  • The Gayer-Anderson cat, a bronze figure of a seated cat from Saqqara, Egypt. Late Period, after 600 BC. Ref. No. EA 64391.[269]
  • Granite block with usurped royal name, from Bubastis. Originally inscribed for Senwosret III of the 12th Dynasty, 1878-1841 BC; reinscribed for Ramesses II of the 19th Dynasty, 1290-1224 BC. Ref. No. EA 1102.[287]
  • The Great Harris Papyrus, from Thebes, probably Deir el-Medina, Egypt. Reign of Ramesses IV, around 1200 BC. Ref. No. EA 9999/2.[298]
The Hunters Palette
  • The Hunters Palette, said to come from Tell el-Amarna, Egypt. Late Predynastic period to 1st Dynasty, about 3100 BC. Ref. No EA 20790.[305]
  • Ivory headrest, from the tomb of Gua, Deir el-Bersha, Egypt. 12th Dynasty, 1985-1795 BC. Ref. No. EA 30727.[313]
Limestone statue of Katep and Hetepheres
  • Limestone stela of Mahwia, found in the foundations of the temple of Ramesses II, Memphis, Egypt. Possibly 18th Dynasty, 15th-14th century BC. Ref. No EA 1471.[341]
  • Linen garment, from a tomb at Thebes, Egypt. 18th Dynasty, around 1350 BC. Ref. NO. EA 2565.[352]
  • Loaf of bread, from Deir el-Bahari, Thebes, Egypt. New Kingdom, around 1500 BC. Ref. No. EA 40942.[353]
  • Magic bricks of Henutmehyt, from the tomb of Henutmehyt at Thebes, Egypt. 19th Dynasty, around 1290 BC. Ref. Nos. EA 41544; EA 41545; EA 41546; EA 41547.[356]
Model faience wig for a statue
  • Model of a house, from a grave at el-Amra, Egypt. Late Predynastic period, about 3200 BC. Ref. No. EA 35505.[361]
  • Mud brick, from Thebes, Egypt. 19th Dynasty, 1250 BC. Ref. No. EA 6020.[363]
Outer coffin of Gua
One of the Prudhoe Lions, a pair of red granite lions of Amenhotep III
  • The Prudhoe Lions, a pair of red granite lions of Amenhotep III, from Soleb, Sudan. 18th Dynasty, around 1370 BC. Ref. No. EA 2.[429]
The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus
  • Scarab pendant, from Egypt. Reign of Senwosret II, 12th Dynasty, around 1890 BC. Ref. No. EA 54460.[445]
  • Stela of Neswy, from Thebes, Egypt. Ptolemaic Period, perhaps 3rd century BC. Ref. No. EA 8468.[463]
  • Wax figure, from Egypt. Roman Period, 2nd century AD. Ref. No. EA 37918.[480]
Wooden figure of a ram
  • Wooden figure of a ram, from a royal tomb in the Valley of the Kings, Thebes, Egypt. End of the 18th Dynasty, around 1325 BC. Ref. No. EA 50702.[491]
  • Wooden furniture, from Thebes, Egypt; Sandals from Beni Hassan, Egypt. New Kingdom, 1550-1069 BC; Sandals, Middle Kingdom, 2125-1795 BC. Ref. No. EA 2469; EA 2472; EA 2480; EA 26227; EA 41578; EA 59775.[493]
  • Wooden hoe, from Thebes, Egypt. New Kingdom, 1550-1069 BC. Ref. No. EA [494]
  • Wooden stool, from Thebes, Egypt. 18th Dynasty, about 1550-1300 BC. Ref. No. EA 2481.[508]
  • Wooden stool, from Thebes, Egypt. Perhaps mid-late 18th Dynasty, about 1400-1300 BC. Ref. No. EA 2472.[509]
  • Wooden table, from Thebes, Egypt. 18th Dynasty, around 1350 BC. Ref. No. EA 2469.[510]

References[edit]

  1. ^ British Museum - World cultures
  2. ^ Reported in the list of Sloane's collection given to his executors in 1753. Reproduced in MacGregor (1994a:29)
  3. ^ A British Museum Egyptologist's View: The Return of Egyptian Antiquities is Not an Issue
  4. ^ British Museum - Ancient Egypt and Sudan
  5. ^ "Egyptian sculpture (Room 4)". The British Museum. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
  6. ^ "The Tomb-chapel of Nebamun: Ancient Egyptian life and death (Room 61)". The British Museum. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
  7. ^ "Egyptian death and afterlife: mummies (Rooms 62–3)". The British Museum. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
  8. ^ "Early Egypt (Room 64)". The British Museum. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
  9. ^ "Egypt and Nubia (Room 65)". The British Museum. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
  10. ^ "Ethiopia and Coptic Egypt (Room 66)". The British Museum. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
  11. ^ doesn't appear to have a normal record page