User:Assuuh/sandbox

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Military equipment of the Estonian Defence Forces is a list of modern military equipment currently in service with the Estonian Defence Forces.

Personal equipment[edit]

A soldier from the Scouts Battalion in ESTDCU firing his Galil SAR.
Main articles: ESTDCU and PASGT

The equipment of the Estonian Land Forces troops includes:

Small arms and light weapons[edit]

Model Image Origin Type Caliber Notes
Pistols
Heckler & Koch USP  Germany Semi-automatic pistol 9×19mm Parabellum Standard issue pistol.[1]
Submachine guns
Uzi  Israel Submachine gun 9×19mm Parabellum Variant Mini Uzi.[2] Purchased from Israel in 1993.[3]
Heckler & Koch MP5  Germany Submachine gun 9×19mm Parabellum Used weapons purchased from Norway in 2013 to replace Carl Gustav m/45 submachine guns.[4][5]
Shotguns
Benelli M3  Italy Semi-automatic shotgun 12 gauge Variant M3T.[6]
Assault rifles
LMT R20 RAHE  United States Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO
7.62×51mm NATO 		All units will be equipped with the new standard issue rifle by 2022. 7.62x51mm variant designated as TA-R20 used as a designated marksman rifle.[7]
IMI Galil  Israel Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO Variants AR, SAR and ARM. Purchased from Israel in 1993.[3] Standard issue assault rifle, in service with the 1st Infantry Brigade.[8][9][10] To be replaced by 2022.[11][12]
Heckler & Koch G3  Sweden
 Norway
 Germany 		Battle rifle 7.62×51mm NATO Variants Ak4, G3A3ZF, G3A4 and AG3F2. Standard issue assault rifle, in service with the 2nd Infantry Brigade.[13][14][5] To be replaced by 2022.[11][12]
Sniper rifles
Galil Sniper (Galatz)  Israel Sniper rifle 7.62×51mm NATO Purchased from Israel in 1993.[3][15]
Sako TRG  Finland Sniper rifle .338 Lapua Magnum Variant Sako TRG-42.[16] Purchased in 2007.[17]
PGM Hécate II  France Sniper rifle
Anti-materiel rifle 		12.7×99mm NATO Purchased in 2007.[17][18]
Machine guns
IMI Negev  Israel Light machine gun 5.56×45mm NATO Purchased from Israel in 1993.[3][19]
FN MAG  Belgium
 Sweden 		General-purpose machine gun 7.62×51mm NATO Variant Kulspruta 58B.[20] Donated by Sweden between 1999-2002.[3][21]
Rheinmetall MG3  Germany General-purpose machine gun 7.62×51mm NATO Roughly 1500 donated by Germany.[21] Unknown number purchased from Norway in 2013.[5][22]
M2 Browning  United States Heavy machine gun 12.7×99mm NATO [23]
Grenade launchers
Brügger & Thomet GL-06  Switzerland Grenade launcher 40x46mm Stand alone grenade launcher.[24]
Heckler & Koch AG-C/GLM  Germany Grenade launcher 40x46mm Under barrel weapon designed to fit on many types of assault rifles. Latest H & K design.[25]
Heckler & Koch HK79  Germany Grenade launcher 40x46mm Under barrel 1970's design for G3 rifles. (HK69 - stand alone weapon pictured - HK 79 is a variant.) Purchased from Norway in 2013.[5][26]
M203  United States Grenade launcher 40x46mm Under barrel design for LMT R20 RAHE rifles.[7]
Anti-armour weapons
Carl Gustav  Sweden Recoilless rifle 84mm Variants M2 and M3.[27][28] Donated by Sweden.[3] Unknown number purchased from Norway in 2013.[5] M2 variant to be replaced by M4 variant in 2022.[29]
C90-CR (M3)  Spain Rocket-propelled grenade 90mm Variants C-90-CR-RB (M3), C-90-CR-AM (M3) and C-90-CR-BK (M3).[30][31][32] Initial batch purchased in 2009. More purchased in 2010[33] and 2018.[34]
MILAN  France Anti-tank guided missile 115mm Variant Milan 2.[35] Purchased from Germany at around 2004.[36] Will be replaced by Spike-LR II in 2021.[37]
FGM-148 Javelin  United States Anti-tank guided missile 127mm 80 CLU (with option for additional 40) and 350 missiles purchased from the United States.[38] Block-0 and Block-1 missiles supplied with United States European Reassurance Initiative funds.[39]
Spike  Israel Anti-tank guided missile 130mm 18 Spike-LR II systems to be delivered by EuroSpike GmbH, beginning in 2020.[40][37]

Anti-aircraft weapons[edit]

Model Image Origin Type Caliber Notes
ZU-23-2  Soviet Union Autocannon 23×152mm Purchased from Israel in 1993.[3][41]
Mistral  France Surface-to-air missile 90mm Purchased in 2007 from MBDA with SAAB Giraffe AMB radars for 1st Infantry Brigade.[42] At least 40 launchers delivered.[43] Mistral 3 missiles received in 2015.[44]
SPYDER-MR  Israel Surface-to-air missile 160mm 3 batteries on order.

Coastal defence weapons[edit]

Model Image Origin Type Caliber Notes
PM16  Finland Naval mine 200 mines on order.
RBS-15 Mk. III  Sweden Anti-ship missile 500mm 4 ground based launchers and an unknown amount of missiles on order from Saab Bofors Dynamics.
Exocet  France Anti-ship missile 348mm 4 ground based launchers with MM40 Block 3 missiles on order from MBDA.

Artillery[edit]

Model Image Origin Type Caliber Notes
Mortars
M252  United Kingdom
 United States 		Mortar 81mm 80 mortars received from the United States in 2010 as military aid.[45]
m/41D  Finland
 Sweden 		Mortar 120mm 165 mortars in holding as of 2010.[46] To be replaced.
Howitzers
H63 (D-30)  Soviet Union
 Finland 		Towed howitzer 122mm 42 howitzers purchased from Finland in 2009 to replace previously used 105mm howitzers.[47]
FH-70  Germany
 United Kingdom
 Italy 		Towed howitzer 155 mm 24 howitzers in holding as of 2010.[46] Purchased from Germany at around 2004.[36]
K9 Thunder  Republic of Korea Self-propelled howitzer 155 mm 18 self-propelled howitzers on order.[48] Deliveries to start in 2020.[49][50] Two delivered.[51]
Rocket artillery
PULS  Israel Multiple rocket launcher 160mm
306mm
370mm 		12 launchers with ACCULAR, EXTRA and Predator Hawk rockets on order.

Vehicles[edit]

Model Image Origin Type Number Notes
Armoured fighting vehicles
Combat Vehicle 90  Sweden Infantry fighting vehicle 44[52] 44 CV9035 purchased from Netherlands and 37 hulls bought from Norway. 31 CV90 hulls to be converted into support vehicles (command post, air defense, anti-tank, combat engineers, reconnaissance, technical support, evacuation, 120 mm mortars carrier, mortar fire control center, mortar ammunition transporters). 6 to be repaired and maintained, including two driver training vehicles.[53][54][55]
Support vehicle 31 to be converted
Patria Pasi  Finland Armoured personnel carrier 136 XA-180: 60 units purchased from Finland (56 in service).
XA-188: 81 units purchased from Netherlands (80 in service).[56]
Engineering vehicles
Bergepanzer 2  Germany Armoured recovery vehicle 2 Purchased from Netherlands.[57]
Dachs  Germany Armoured engineering vehicle 2 Purchased from Netherlands.[57]
Biber  Germany Armoured vehicle-launched bridge 2 Purchased from Netherlands.[57]
Mercedes-Benz Actros  Germany Recovery vehicle 2 [58]
TMM-3M  Ukraine
 Finland 		Truck launched bridge 4+ Purchased from Ukraine in 2015.[59]

Additional systems donated by Finland in 2017.[60]

Logistics vehicles
MAN KAT1  Germany Military truck Variants 4610, 4620 and 4640 as of 2015.[61][62]
DAF F218 series  Netherlands Military truck Purchased from Netherlands in 2008.[63] Variants DAF YAL 4440 and YAL 4442 as of 2015.[61]
Mercedes-Benz 1017A  Germany Military truck Purchased from Germany in 2008.[63]
Mercedes-Benz Unimog  Germany Military truck Purchased from Germany in 2008.[63][64] Variants U1300 and U1700 as of 2015.[61]
Volvo FMX  Sweden Military truck 52 First batch (12) purchased in 2015.[65] Second batch (40) purchased in 2019.[66]
Bandvagn 206  Sweden Troop carrier [67]
Utility vehicles
Mercedes-Benz G-Class  Germany Military light utility vehicle Variants G250 and G290 as of 2015.[61][68]
Motorcycles
Husqvarna 258A MT  Sweden Motorcycle [69]
Unmanned ground vehicles
THeMIS  Estonia Unmanned ground vehicle 3 [70]

Ships[edit]

Class Image Origin Type Ship Notes
Lindormen-class  Denmark Auxiliary ship EML Wambola (A433) Purchased from Denmark in 2006. Commissioned in 2016 to replace EML Tasuja (A432)
Sandown-class  United Kingdom Minehunter EML Admiral Cowan (M313)
EML Sakala (M314)
EML Ugandi (M315) 		Purchased from the United Kingdom in 2006. Modernized between 2018-2020 to extend the service lives of the ships to 2035.[37]

Aircraft[edit]

Model Image Origin Type Number Notes
Aircraft
PZL M28 Skytruck  Poland Military transport aircraft 2 Received in 2019.[71]
Aero L-39 Albatros  Czech Republic Jet trainer 2 Rented from Aerohooldus OÜ and Sky LLC since 2015. Used for training.[72][73]
Robinson R44  United States Helicopter 3[74] Received in 2002 from United States as a donation.[72][75] Used for surveillance, search and rescue, and training.[76]

To be retired in 2020.[71]

AeroVironment RQ-20 Puma  United States Unmanned aerial vehicle Undisclosed number or RQ-20B Puma AE II systems to be delivered by 2021.[77]

Radars[edit]

Model Image Origin Type Number Notes
AN/TPS-77  United States Passive electronically scanned array 1 Purchased in 2003. Placed at Kellavere.[78][79] Modernized in 2014.[80]
VERA-E  Czech Republic Passive radar 1[81] Purchased in 2004.[78][79]
Giraffe AMB  Sweden Passive electronically scanned array 4[81] Used with Mistral surface-to-air missile systems.
Ground Master 403  France Active electronically scanned array 2 Purchased in 2009.[78][79] Mounted on Sisu E13TP trucks.[82]
GCA-2020  United States Precision approach radar 1 Transportable version ordered in 2013. Used at Ämari Air Base.[80]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "9 mm püstol HK USP". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-20. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  2. ^ "9 mm püstolkuulipilduja Mini UZI". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "Tipp-topp arsenal väikese rahakoti ja lühikese ajaga". riigikaitse.lehed.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 2018-01-20.
  4. ^ "9 mm püstolkuulipilduja HK MP-5A2". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2017-11-19. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Norrast saadud relvad jõuavad nii ajateenijateni kui kaitseliitlasteni". Postimees (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2017-11-14.
  6. ^ "12 kal pumppüss Benelli M3T". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-20. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  7. ^ a b "Gallery: Defense Forces introduced new R20 Rahe automatic firearms". ERR. Retrieved 2020-07-22.
  8. ^ "Automaat Galil AR" (in Estonian). Estonian Defence Forces. Archived from the original on 2013-11-23. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
  9. ^ "Automaat Galil SAR" (in Estonian). Estonian Defence Forces. Archived from the original on 2013-11-23. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
  10. ^ "Automaat Galil ARM" (in Estonian). Estonian Defence Forces. Archived from the original on 2013-11-23. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
  11. ^ a b Cavegn, Dario (4 July 2017). "€75 million tender announced for new automatic firearms". Eesti Rahvusringhääling (Estonian Public Broadcasting). Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  12. ^ a b Jones, Bruce (5 July 2017). "Estonia announces small-arms tender". IHS Jane's 360. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  13. ^ "Automaat AK-4" (in Estonian). Estonian Defence Forces. Archived from the original on 2013-11-23. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
  14. ^ "Automaat HK G3A3ZF/G3A4" (in Estonian). Estonian Defence Forces. Archived from the original on 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
  15. ^ "7,62 mm snaipripüss Galil". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  16. ^ "8,6 mm snaipripüss Sako TRG-42". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-20. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  17. ^ a b "Eesti kaitsevägi saab endale uued snaiperrelvad". epl.delfi.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-21. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
  18. ^ "12,7 mm snaipripüss Hecate II". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  19. ^ "5,56 mm kergekuulipilduja Negev". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  20. ^ "7,62 mm kuulipilduja KSP-58". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-20. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  21. ^ a b "Rootsi kingib Eesti kaitseväele kümneid tuhandeid relvi". epl.delfi.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-21. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
  22. ^ "7,62 mm kuulipilduja MG-3". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2017-11-19. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  23. ^ "12,7 mm raskekuulipilduja Browning M2". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  24. ^ "40 mm granaadiheitja BT GL-06". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  25. ^ "40 mm relvaalune granaadiheitja HK GLM". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  26. ^ "40 mm relvaalune granaadiheitja HK 79N". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  27. ^ "84 mm tankitõrjegranaadiheitja Carl-Gustav M2". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2017-12-19. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  28. ^ "84 mm tankitõrjegranaadiheitja Carl-Gustav M3". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  29. ^ Tooming, Marko. "Kaitsevägi ostab Saabilt kõige moodsamad Carl-Gustavid". err.ee (in Estonian). ERR.
  30. ^ "90 mm lask Instalaza C90-CR-RB (M3) Anti-Tank". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  31. ^ "90 mm lask Instalaza C90-CR-AM (M3) Anti-Tank/Anti Personnel". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  32. ^ "90 mm lask Instalaza C90-CR-BK (M3) Anti-Bunker". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  33. ^ "Kaitsevägi saab Hispaania granaadiheitjad". www.err.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-21. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
  34. ^ "EDF to purchase C90 disposable grenade launchers for €30 million". news.err.ee. Retrieved 2018-07-15.
  35. ^ "Keskmaa tankitõrjeraketikompleks MILAN 2". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-20. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  36. ^ a b "Eesti teeb kümne aasta kõige suurema relvaostu". www.postimees.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  37. ^ a b c "Eesti täiendas tublisti laskemoonavaru" (in Estonian). Postimees. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  38. ^ "Eesti saab Javelini tankitõrjesüsteemid järgmisel aastal". www.postimees.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  39. ^ "Eesti kaitsevägi sai Ameerika Ühendriikidelt Javelini rakette". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-20. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
  40. ^ Raudla, Merly (2019-06-20). "Eesti sõlmis 40 miljoni eurose tankitõrjerelvade hankelepingu" (in Estonian). Virumaa Teataja.
  41. ^ "23 mm õhutõrjekahur ZU-23-2". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-20. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  42. ^ "The Government of the Republic of Estonia authorised on 22 February 2007 the Minister of Defence to sign a contract for the procurement of a very short-range air defence missile system". www.kaitseministeerium.ee. Archived from the original on 2018-01-22. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
  43. ^ "UN register". www.un-register.org. Archived from the original on 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  44. ^ "Galerii: kaitsevägi sai kätte esimesed uue põlvkonna Mistralid". www.postimees.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  45. ^ "Eesti saab USA-lt 80 uut miinipildujat". www.postimees.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  46. ^ a b "UN register: Military holdings - Estonia 2010". www.un-register.org. Archived from the original on 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  47. ^ "Suurtükiväelased proovisid Soomest toodud haubitsatest laskmist". www.postimees.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  48. ^ "Eesti ostab Lõuna-Korealt liikursuurtükke juurde". err.ee (in Estonian). 3 October 2019.
  49. ^ Kund, Oliver. "Uus tulejõud lisab kaitseväele rammu". www.postimees.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-06-26. Retrieved 2018-06-26.
  50. ^ Vahtla, Aili. "Gallery: Estonia, South Korea sign artillery purchase agreement". news.err.ee. ERR. Archived from the original on 2018-06-26. Retrieved 2018-06-26.
  51. ^ "Esimesed kaitseväe liikursuurtükid jõudsid Eestisse". postimees.ee (in Estonian). 27 August 2020.
  52. ^ Cranny-Evans, Samuel (9 April 2019). "Estonia receives last CV90s from Netherlands". Jane's Defence Weekly.
  53. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-09-02. Retrieved 2014-05-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  54. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-04-10. Retrieved 2014-06-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  55. ^ "Hanketeade: Toetussoomukite CV90 ümberehitus ja elukaare toetus". Retrieved 2017-11-13.
  56. ^ "Soome soomukid Eesti kaitseväes" (in Estonian). Sõdur. Archived from the original on 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
  57. ^ a b c "Hollandlased tutvustasid eestlastele pioneeritehnikat". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-20. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
  58. ^ "Mis masinad need on, mis lennuki kaldale sikutada suutsid?". forte.delfi.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
  59. ^ "Galerii ja video: kaitsevägi sai jõgede ületamiseks uue sillasüsteemi". www.postimees.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-21. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
  60. ^ Suurkask, Heiki (2018). "Pioneeride raudne muskel". Sõdur (in Estonian). 28 (3). Tallinn: Headquarters Support and Signal Battalion Information Center of the Estonian Defence Forces: 39. ISSN 1406-3379. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  61. ^ a b c d "Sõduri käsiraamat 2015" (PDF). www.ksk.edu.ee (in Estonian). KVÜÕA lahingukool. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-11-10. Retrieved 2018-01-28.
  62. ^ "MAN 4520". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-21. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
  63. ^ a b c "Kaitseväe Logistikakeskus paneb oksjonile enam kui 170 kaitseväe sõidukit". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-20. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
  64. ^ "Mercedes-Benz UNIMOG 435". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-21. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
  65. ^ Kaitsevägi, Eesti. "Kaitseväe sõidukipark täienes Volvo veokitega - Kaitsevägi". www.mil.ee. Archived from the original on 2017-11-13. Retrieved 2017-11-13.
  66. ^ "Konkshaakesüsteemiga konteinerveokite ost". riigihanked.riik.ee.
  67. ^ "Jalaväetransportöör BV 206 A MT". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-21. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
  68. ^ "Maastur Mercedes-Benz 250 GD". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-20. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
  69. ^ "Mootorratas Husqvarna 258A MT". mil.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-20. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
  70. ^ "Eesti ja Holland ostavad Milrem Roboticsilt mehitamata maismaasõidukid" (in Estonian). Delfi. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
  71. ^ a b "Õhuvägi lõpetab sel aastal Robinsonide kasutamise". err.ee (in Estonian). ERR. 2 June 2020.
  72. ^ a b "World Air Forces 2015 pg. 11". Flightglobal Insight. 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-03-24. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  73. ^ "Eesti õhuvägi sai kaks uut õppehävitajat". www.postimees.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-27. Retrieved 2018-01-27.
  74. ^ Tammesalu, Hans-Martin. "Õhuvägi kinkis lennundusmuuseumile helikopteri" (in Estonian). Tartu Postimees.
  75. ^ "Õhuvägi saab kingiks neli USA väikekopterit". www.postimees.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-27. Retrieved 2018-01-27.
  76. ^ https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/newsrebtech-completes-estonia-air-forces-r44-helicopter-upgrade/
  77. ^ Jennings, Gareth (24 September 2018). "Estonia acquires Puma UAS". Jane's Defence Weekly.
  78. ^ a b c "NATO silmamunad Eestimaa kohal". www.tehnikamaailm.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-23. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
  79. ^ a b c "Mobiilsed radarid aitavad ennetada üllatusi". www.postimees.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-23. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
  80. ^ a b "Kaitseministeeriumi majandusaasta aruanne" (PDF). www.kmin.ee (in Estonian). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-01-31. Retrieved 2018-01-31.
  81. ^ a b "SIPRI Trade Register".
  82. ^ "1st Armoured SISU 8x8 military truck delivery to Estonia". www.asdnews.com. Archived from the original on 2018-01-23. Retrieved 2018-01-22.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Assuuh/sandbox&oldid=1147800689"